Track structure considerations in low dose and low dose rate effects of ionizing radiation

Publisher Summary This chapter describes some characteristic features of radiation tracks in relation to cellular and subcellular structures. The main effects of potential concern to human populations exposed to low doses and low dose rates of ionizing radiations are the induction of tumors or of germ cell mutations. These effects arise in most cases from a stable, radiation-induced change in a single cell, probably from damage to a particular gene or genes within the DNA of the cell. Unlike most other DNA-damaging agents, for example, chemicals or ultraviolet light, the initial insult from ionizing radiation to the irradiated material is always in the form of highly structured tracks of atomic ionizations and excitations along the paths of the primary and secondary charged particles. As a result, the insult is always highly inhomogeneous in space and in time. These inhomogeneities become more apparent the smaller the target volumes under consideration and the lower the doses and dose rates.

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