Perception and Behavior Yaw Motion Phase Coherence Zones in Passive and Active Conditions

Although realism in flight simulation is often studied from either a perception or a pilot control behavior point of view, a more complete approach should consider a combination of perception and behavior. This paper aims to relate perception and behavior by comparing which levels of phase mismatch between visual and inertial cues lead to loss of perceptual coherence and which phase mismatches result in a significant change of pilot control behavior. In a passive experiment, perception coherence zones are measured using visual and inertial stimulus profiles that are representative of the cues typically found in manual tracking tasks. Then, based on the results of the passive experiment, the effect of different levels of phase mismatch on pilot control behavior is studied in an active manual tracking task. The passive results show an overall phase-mismatch threshold of 16.4 deg for different types of stimulus profiles. The results of the active experiment showed an increase in crossover frequency when inertial motion was added, followed by a gradual decrease in crossover frequency with increasing phase mismatch. There was no clear level of phase mismatch for which the crossover frequencies indicated a sudden change in pilot control behavior, hence no clear behavior coherence zone could be defined, but a gradual degradation of the behavioral metrics with respect to a zero phase-mismatch condition was found. Combining the passive and active results, it could be concluded that perceptual coherence was lost at a lower level of phase mismatch than the phase mismatch at which behavior was significantly different from the condition with no phase mismatch.

[1]  Max Mulder,et al.  Relationship Between Optimal Gain and Coherence Zone in Flight Simulation , 2011 .

[2]  A. Van Lunteren,et al.  Identification of human operator describing function models with one or two inputs in closed loop systems , 1979 .

[3]  Max Mulder,et al.  Measuring the Performance of the SIMONA Research Simulator's Motion System , 2005 .

[4]  Max Mulder,et al.  Modeling Human Multichannel Perception and Control Using Linear Time-Invariant Models , 2008 .

[5]  R J Hosman,et al.  Effects of vestibular and visual motion perception on task performance. , 1981, Acta psychologica.

[6]  L. R. Young,et al.  Influence of combined visual and vestibular cues on human perception and control of horizontal rotation , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[7]  Peter R. Grant,et al.  Motion-Visual Phase-Error Detection in a Flight Simulator , 2007 .

[8]  R Hosman,et al.  Pilot's perception in the control of aircraft motions. , 1998, Control engineering practice.

[9]  Andy Field,et al.  Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (Ism Introducing Statistical Methods) , 2005 .

[10]  M. Mulder,et al.  Comparing Multimodal Pilot Pitch Control Behavior Between Simulated and Real Flight P.M.T. Zaal, D.M. Pool, † , 2012 .

[11]  Ronald A. Hess,et al.  Closed-loop assessment of flight simulator fidelity , 1991 .

[12]  T Yamashita,et al.  Effects of Sine Wave Combinations on the Development of Precognitive Mode in Pursuit Tracking , 1990, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[13]  Duane T. McRuer,et al.  A Review of Quasi-Linear Pilot Models , 1967 .

[14]  Ronald A. Hess.  Pursuit Tracking and Higher Levels of Skill Development in the Human Pilot , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[15]  Max Mulder,et al.  Cybernetic Approach to Assess Aircraft Handling Qualities , 2011 .

[16]  Max Mulder,et al.  Multimodal Pilot Control Behavior in Combined Target-Following Disturbance-Rejection Tasks , 2009 .

[17]  René van Paassen,et al.  Identification of the Feedforward Component in Manual Control With Predictable Target Signals , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics.

[18]  J. I. Elkind,et al.  Characteristics of simple manual control systems , 1956 .

[19]  R. K. Heffley,et al.  A comparison of landing maneuver piloting technique based on measurements made in an airline training simulator and in actual flight , 1981 .

[20]  M. M. van Paassen,et al.  Use of Pitch and Heave Motion Cues in a Pitch Control Task , 2009 .

[21]  Frank M. Cardullo,et al.  Motion Cueing Algorithm Development: Piloted Performance Testing of the Cueing Algorithms , 2005 .

[22]  A. M. Junker,et al.  Roll tracking effects of G-vector tilt and various types of motion washout , 1978 .

[23]  M. M. van Paassen,et al.  Perception of Combined Visual and Inertial Low-Frequency Yaw Motion , 2010 .

[24]  Lloyd D. Reid,et al.  The detection of low-amplitude yawing motion transients in a flight simulator , 1992, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern..

[25]  Andy P. Field,et al.  Discovering Statistics Using SPSS , 2000 .

[26]  J. V. D. Vaart,et al.  Modelling of perception and action in compensatory manual control tasks , 1992 .

[27]  Ruud Hosman,et al.  Pre and Post Pilot Model Analysis Compared to Experimental Simulator Results , 2005 .

[28]  Max Mulder,et al.  Effects of Heave Washout Settings in Aircraft Pitch Disturbance Rejection , 2010 .

[29]  R. W. Pew,et al.  Sine-Wave Tracking Revisited , 1967 .

[30]  Ronald A. Hess,et al.  Analytical Assessment of Flight Simulator Fidelity Using Pilot Models , 2009 .

[31]  M. M. van Paassen,et al.  Design of Forcing Functions for the Identification of Human Control Behavior , 2010 .

[32]  H. Levitt.  Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. , 1971, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[33]  Daan M. Pool,et al.  Comparing Multimodal Pilot Pitch Control Behavior Between Simulated and Real Flight , 2011 .

[34]  F R Alex,et al.  Experiments and a model for pilot dynamics with visual and motion inputs. NASA CR-1325. , 1969, NASA contractor report. NASA CR. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

[35]  M. M. van Paassen,et al.  Tuning of the lateral specific force gain based on human motion perception in the Desdemona simulator , 2010 .

[36]  Konstantinos Tzanakakis,et al.  Measuring the Performance , 2013 .

[37]  M. Mulder,et al.  Phase Coherence Zones in Flight Simulation , 2011 .

[38]  M. Mulder,et al.  Role Identification of Yaw and Sway Motion in Helicopter Yaw Control Tasks , 2008 .

[39]  F.A.M. van der Steen.  Self-motion perception , 1998 .

[40]  Max Mulder,et al.  Measuring Time Delays in Simulator Displays , 2007 .

[41]  Max Mulder,et al.  Tuning Models of Pilot Tracking Behavior for a Specific Simulator Motion Cueing Setting , 2011 .

[42]  Max Mulder,et al.  Evaluation of Vestibular Thresholds for Motion Detection in the SIMONA Research Simulator , 2005 .

[43]  J. B. Sinacori.  The determination of some requirements for a helicopter flight research simulation facility , 1977 .

[44]  D T McRuer,et al.  HUMAN PILOT DYNAMIC RESPONSE IN SINGLE-LOOP SYSTEMS WITH COMPENSATORY AND PURSUIT DISPLAYS , 1966 .

[45]  Max Mulder,et al.  Effects of Peripheral Visual and Physical Motion Cues in Roll-Axis Tracking Tasks , 2008 .

[46]  Max Mulder,et al.  Perception coherence zones in flight simulation , 2010 .

[47]  M. M. Paassen,et al.  Modeling Human Multimodal Perception and Control Using Genetic Maximum Likelihood Estimation , 2009 .

[48]  Jeffery A. Schroeder,et al.  Helicopter flight simulation motion platform requirements , 1998 .

[49]  Ezra S. Krendel,et al.  Psychological and Physiological Skill Development - A Control Engineering Model , 1968 .

[50]  Max Mulder,et al.  Effect of Performing a Boundary-Avoidance Tracking Task on the Perception of Coherence Between Visual and Inertial Cues , 2011 .

[51]  Jeffery A. Schroeder,et al.  Pilot Behavioral Observations in Motion Flight Simulation , 2010 .

[52]  Duane T. McRuer,et al.  NEW APPROACHES TO HUMAN-PILOT/VEHICLE DYNAMIC ANALYSIS , 1968 .

[53]  M. M. van Paassen,et al.  DUECA - Data-driven activation in distributed real-time computation , 2000 .

[54]  Max Mulder,et al.  Using the SIMONA Research Simulator for Human-machine Interaction Research , 2003 .

[55]  René van Paassen,et al.  A cybernetic approach to assess flight simulator motion fidelity , 2010, IFAC HMS.