A Review of the Synthesis and Applications of Polymer–Nanoclay Composites

Recent advancements in material technologies have promoted the development of various preparation strategies and applications of novel polymer–nanoclay composites. Innovative synthesis pathways have resulted in novel polymer–nanoclay composites with improved properties, which have been successfully incorporated in diverse fields such as aerospace, automobile, construction, petroleum, biomedical and wastewater treatment. These composites are recognized as promising advanced materials due to their superior properties, such as enhanced density, strength, relatively large surface areas, high elastic modulus, flame retardancy, and thermomechanical/optoelectronic/magnetic properties. The primary focus of this review is to deliver an up-to-date overview of polymer–nanoclay composites along with their synthesis routes and applications. The discussion highlights potential future directions for this emerging field of research.

[1]  Sabu Thomas,et al.  Clay–Polymer Composites , 2017 .

[2]  M. Abdouss,et al.  A review of clay-supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts for production of polyolefin/clay nanocomposites through in situ polymerization , 2014 .

[3]  Yiwen Li,et al.  "Click" chemistry in polymeric scaffolds: Bioactive materials for tissue engineering. , 2018, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[4]  G. Cavallaro,et al.  An assembly of organic-inorganic composites using halloysite clay nanotubes , 2018 .

[5]  Mohammad R. Irshidat,et al.  Thermal performance and fire resistance of nanoclay modified cementitious materials , 2018 .

[6]  T. Hjertberg,et al.  Development of poly(vinyl chloride)/montmorillonite nanocomposites using chelating agents , 2010 .

[7]  L. Utracki,et al.  CLAY-CONTAINING POLYMERIC NANOCOMPOS ITES , 2002 .

[8]  E. Bahadır,et al.  Applications of commercial biosensors in clinical, food, environmental, and biothreat/biowarfare analyses. , 2015, Analytical biochemistry.

[9]  Mahmood Ghoranneviss,et al.  Effect of Plasma Pretreatment Followed by Nanoclay Loading on Flame Retardant Properties of Cotton Fabric , 2014 .

[10]  S. Naili,et al.  Photo-induced SI-ATRP for the synthesis of photoclickable intercalated clay nanofillers , 2016 .

[11]  Emmanuel P. Giannelis,et al.  NEW ADVANCES IN POLYMER/LAYERED SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES , 2002 .

[12]  Qingli Dai,et al.  Nanoclay-modified asphalt materials: Preparation and characterization , 2011 .

[13]  W. Gacitúa,et al.  POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES: SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL FILLERS A REVIEW , 2005 .

[14]  S. Jockusch,et al.  Photoinitiated Polymerization: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities , 2010 .

[15]  Fazilah Ariffin,et al.  Preparation and characterization of bionanocomposite films reinforced with nano kaolin , 2016, Journal of Food Science and Technology.

[16]  G. Varani,et al.  Design of a tunable nanocomposite double network hydrogel based on gellan gum for drug delivery applications , 2018, European Polymer Journal.

[17]  H. Park,et al.  Influence of Food with High Moisture Content on Oxygen Barrier Property of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/Vermiculite Nanocomposite Coated Multilayer Packaging Film. , 2018, Journal of food science.

[18]  Serap Doğan,et al.  Hemocompatibility, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity of poly(methylmethacrylate)/nanohydroxyapatite nanocomposites synthesized by melt blending method , 2018 .

[19]  J. Gautrot,et al.  Surface-initiated polymer brushes in the biomedical field: applications in membrane science, biosensing, cell culture, regenerative medicine and antibacterial coatings. , 2014, Chemical reviews.

[20]  Lars Wågberg,et al.  Highly conducting, strong nanocomposites based on nanocellulose-assisted aqueous dispersions of single-wall carbon nanotubes. , 2014, ACS nano.

[21]  Isa Doverbratt,et al.  Nanoplastics in the aquatic environment , 2018 .

[22]  A. Nikolaidis,et al.  Thermal Degradation Kinetics and Viscoelastic Behavior of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)/Organomodified Montmorillonite Nanocomposites Prepared via In Situ Bulk Radical Polymerization , 2018, Polymers.

[23]  G. Beyer.  Nanocomposites: a new class of flame retardants for polymers , 2002 .

[24]  K. Matyjaszewski,et al.  New protocol to determine the equilibrium constant of atom transfer radical polymerization , 2018 .

[25]  Y. Grohens,et al.  Investigating the diffusional behaviour of Irganox®1076 antioxidant in HDPE/Cloisite®15A nanocomposite‐based food contact packaging films: Effect of nanoclay loading , 2018, Packaging Technology and Science.

[26]  Yu. P. Gomza,et al.  Synthesis, structure, thermal and mechanical properties of nanocomposites based on linear polymers and layered silicates modified by polymeric quaternary ammonium salts (ionenes) , 2005 .

[27]  B. B. Khatua,et al.  Studies on the Morphology and Properties of PMMA-Organoclay Nanocomposites with Reference to the Manufacturing Techniques , 2010 .

[28]  K. Yusoh,et al.  Surface Modification of Nanoclay for the Synthesis of Polycaprolactone (PCL) – Clay Nanocomposite , 2018 .

[29]  Huan Li,et al.  Ultrastiff, Thermoresponsive Nanocomposite Hydrogels Composed of Ternary Polymer–Clay–Silica Networks , 2018 .

[30]  H. Gülce,et al.  Glucose biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in electropolymerized poly(o-phenylenediamine) film on platinum nanoparticles-polyvinylferrocenium modified electrode , 2014 .

[31]  Rahimah Othman,et al.  Fabrication of composite poly(d,l-lactide)/montmorillonite nanoparticles for controlled delivery of acetaminophen by solvent-displacement method using glass capillary microfluidics. , 2016, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[32]  Donald R Paul,et al.  Effect of melt processing conditions on the extent of exfoliation in organoclay-based nanocomposites , 2001 .

[33]  A. Kara,et al.  Physicochemical parameters of Hg(II) ions adsorption from aqueous solution by sepiolite/poly(vinylimidazole) , 2016 .

[34]  D. Hui,et al.  Characterization of silylated modified clay nanoparticles and its functionality in PMMA , 2017 .

[35]  L. Philip,et al.  Adsorption of pharmaceuticals in water using Fe3O4 coated polymer clay composite , 2016 .

[36]  K. Katti,et al.  Nanoclay Based Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications , 2010 .

[37]  D. Rana,et al.  Studies on methylcellulose/pectin/montmorillonite nanocomposite films and their application possibilities. , 2016, Carbohydrate polymers.

[38]  J. Loos,et al.  Characterization of latex-based isotactic polypropylene/clay nanocomposites , 2009 .

[39]  A. Olad.  Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites , 2011 .

[40]  Jeremiah A. Johnson,et al.  Improving photo-controlled living radical polymerization from trithiocarbonates through the use of continuous-flow techniques. , 2015, Chemical communications.

[41]  Soojin Park,et al.  In situ shear-induced mercapto group-activated graphite nanoplatelets for fabricating mechanically strong and thermally conductive elastomer composites for thermal management applications , 2018, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing.

[42]  Z. Jianhua,et al.  Recent advances in RAFT-mediated surfactant-free emulsion polymerization , 2018 .

[43]  Mingxian Liu,et al.  Recent advance in research on halloysite nanotubes-polymer nanocomposite , 2014 .

[44]  Mohammad Kashif Uddin.  A review on the adsorption of heavy metals by clay minerals, with special focus on the past decade , 2017 .

[45]  Novel Polymer Clay‐Based Nanocomposites: Films with Remarkable Optical and Water Vapor Barrier Properties , 2016 .

[46]  Suprakas Sinha Ray,et al.  POLYMER/LAYERED SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES: A REVIEW FROM PREPARATION TO PROCESSING , 2003 .

[47]  Seung-Mok Lee,et al.  Organo and inorgano-organo-modified clays in the remediation of aqueous solutions: An overview , 2012 .

[48]  Lindsay Miller,et al.  Challenges and Alternatives to Plastics Recycling in the Automotive Sector , 2014, Materials.

[49]  W. Shi,et al.  Preparation of photopolymerized nanocomposites through intercalating multifunctional acrylated siloxane into montmorillonite , 2014 .

[50]  Mohammad Jawaid,et al.  Potential materials for food packaging from nanoclay/natural fibres filled hybrid composites , 2013 .

[51]  Yanwu Zhang,et al.  Grafting amphiphilic brushes onto halloysite nanotubes via a living RAFT polymerization and their Pickering emulsification behavior. , 2014, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[52]  R. Oreffo,et al.  Clay nanoparticles for regenerative medicine and biomaterial design: A review of clay bioactivity. , 2018, Biomaterials.

[53]  Zhenjun Wang,et al.  Laboratory investigation into mechanical properties of cement emulsified asphalt mortar , 2014 .

[54]  L. Morrison,et al.  Silver nanoparticles in the environment: Sources, detection and ecotoxicology. , 2017, The Science of the total environment.

[55]  R. Naidu,et al.  Copper-complexed clay/poly-acrylic acid composites: Extremely efficient adsorbents of ammonia gas , 2016 .

[56]  Umut Ugur Ozkose,et al.  In-situ preparation of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)/clay nanocomposites via living cationic ring-opening polymerization , 2017 .

[57]  K. E. George,et al.  Studies on mechanical behavior high impact polystyrene/vinyl clay nanocomposites: Comparison between in situ polymerization and melt mixing , 2017 .

[58]  Shishan Wu,et al.  Preparation and characterization of nylon 66/montmorillonite nanocomposites with co-treated montmorillonites , 2003 .

[59]  A. Bhowmick,et al.  Ethylene–octene copolymer (engage)–clay nanocomposites: Preparation and characterization , 2006 .

[60]  Y. Yagcı,et al.  Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions for Macromolecular Syntheses. , 2016, Chemical reviews.

[61]  Y. Yagcı,et al.  Preparation of fluorinated methacrylate/clay nanocomposite via in-situ polymerization: Characterization, structure, and properties , 2017 .

[62]  Robert H. Utama,et al.  Synthesis of pH-Responsive Nanocapsules via Inverse Miniemulsion Periphery RAFT Polymerization and Post-Polymerization Reaction. , 2014, ACS macro letters.

[63]  H. Roghani‐Mamaqani,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of clay dispersed polystyrene nanocomposite via atom transfer radical polymerization , 2010 .

[64]  David Dean,et al.  Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Well-Defined Poly(propylene fumarate) Oligomers and Their Use in 3D Printed Scaffolds. , 2016, Biomacromolecules.

[65]  Xiaolong Li,et al.  Polyaniline (PANI) modified bentonite by plasma technique for U(VI) removal from aqueous solution , 2017 .

[66]  B. Senkal,et al.  Formation of composites between polyvinylimidazole and bentonites and their use for removal of remazol black B from water , 2016 .

[67]  A. Celli,et al.  Effect of telechelic ionic groups on the dispersion of organically modified clays in bisphenol a polycarbonate nanocomposites by in-situ polymerization using activated carbonates , 2017 .

[68]  M. Chehimi,et al.  Clay/Conductive Polymer Nanocomposites , 2017 .

[69]  T. Kaljuvee,et al.  One-step carbon nanotubes grafting with styrene-co-acrylonitrile by reactive melt blending for electrospinning of conductive reinforced composite membranes , 2017 .

[70]  Kezia Buruga,et al.  A facile synthesis of halloysite nanotubes based polymer nanocomposites for glass coating application , 2018 .

[71]  Steve J Merritt,et al.  Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposites for Food Packaging , 2018 .

[72]  J. Qiu,et al.  Preparation and application of conducting polymer/Ag/clay composite nanoparticles formed by in situ UV-induced dispersion polymerization , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[73]  Yixuan Song,et al.  Environmentally Benign Halloysite Nanotube Multilayer Assembly Significantly Reduces Polyurethane Flammability , 2018 .

[74]  J. Illescas,et al.  Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites and Composites: Structures, Characteristics, and their Applications in the Removal of Organic Compounds of Environmental Interest , 2016 .

[75]  V. Thakur,et al.  Self-healing polymer nanocomposite materials: A review , 2015 .

[76]  Jin-Yong Dong,et al.  Copolymerization of Ethylene and 10‐Undecen‐1‐ol using a Montmorillonite‐Intercalated Metallocene Catalyst: Synthesis of Polyethylene/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites with Enhanced Structural Stability , 2006 .

[77]  Neeraj Dilbaghi,et al.  Recent advances and remaining challenges for polymeric nanocomposites in healthcare applications , 2018 .

[78]  G. Rytwo.  Clay Minerals as an Ancient Nanotechnology: Historical Uses of Clay Organic Interactions, and Future Possible Perspectives , 2008 .

[79]  Jinghua Yin,et al.  Parallel carbon nanotube stripes in polymer thin film with remarkable conductive anisotropy. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[80]  S. Miguel,et al.  Production of new 3D scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration by rapid prototyping , 2016, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine.

[81]  Charles E. Martin,et al.  Twin Screw Extruders as Continuous Mixers for Thermal Processing: a Technical and Historical Perspective , 2016, AAPS PharmSciTech.

[82]  Stuart C. Thickett,et al.  Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization in Dispersed Systems: An Update. , 2015, Chemical reviews.

[83]  S. Pandey.  A comprehensive review on recent developments in bentonite-based materials used as adsorbents for wastewater treatment , 2017 .

[84]  Hongzan Song,et al.  High-efficiency grafting of halloysite nanotubes by using π-conjugated polyfluorenes via “click” chemistry , 2015, Journal of Materials Science.

[85]  M. Elkady,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of intercalated polyaniline-clay nanocomposite using supercritical CO2 , 2018 .

[86]  D. Baird,et al.  Improved mechanical properties of organoclay/nylon 6 nanocomposites prepared via a supercritical carbon dioxide‐aided, melt blending method , 2015 .

[87]  Q. Beuguel,et al.  Influence of clay mineral structure and polyamide polarity on the structural and morphological properties of clay polypropylene/polyamide nanocomposites , 2017 .

[88]  T. Choli-Papadopoulou,et al.  Oleylamine as a beneficial agent for the synthesis of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles with potential biomedical uses. , 2014, Dalton transactions.

[89]  J. M. Pastor,et al.  In situ polymerization of isotactic polypropylene sepiolite nanocomposites and its copolymers by metallocene catalysis , 2018 .

[90]  Solomon P. Le-Masurier,et al.  One-pot polymer brush synthesis via simultaneous isocyanate coupling chemistry and "grafting from" RAFT polymerization† , 2014 .

[91]  Bouhadjar Boukoussa,et al.  Synthesis of polypyrrole/Fe-kanemite nanocomposite through in situ polymerization: effect of iron exchange, acid treatment, and CO2 adsorption properties , 2017, Journal of Materials Science.

[92]  P. Budd,et al.  Graphene/Polyamide Laminates for Supercritical CO2 and H2S Barrier Applications: An Approach toward Permeation Shutdown , 2018 .

[93]  A. Bhowmick,et al.  Effect of various nanofillers on thermal stability and degradation kinetics of polymer nanocomposites. , 2010, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[94]  R. Meghabar,et al.  Structural, morphological and thermal properties of nanocomposites poly(GMA)/clay prepared by ultrasound and in-situ polymerization. , 2018, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[95]  S. Naili,et al.  Chemical and Photochemical Routes Toward Tailor-Made Polymer–Clay Nanocomposites , 2017 .

[96]  M. Kaci,et al.  Morphology and mechanical and viscoelastic properties of rubbery epoxy/organoclay montmorillonite nanocomposites , 2007 .

[97]  A. Dufresne,et al.  Facile modification of organoclay and its effect on the compatibility and properties of novel biodegradable PBE/PBAT nanocomposites , 2017 .

[98]  P. Magagnini,et al.  Nanostructure development in nylon 6-Cloisite® 30B composites. Effects of the preparation conditions , 2010 .

[99]  B. Graff,et al.  Photopolymerization upon LEDs: new photoinitiating systems and strategies , 2015 .

[100]  P. Dubois,et al.  Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials , 2000 .

[101]  H. Al‐Lohedan,et al.  Synthesis and application of magnetite polyacrylamide amino-amidoxime nano-composites as adsorbents for water pollutants , 2016, Journal of Polymer Research.

[102]  A. Gürses.  Introduction to Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites , 2015 .

[103]  Ayesha Kausar,et al.  Progression from Graphene and Graphene Oxide to High Performance Polymer-Based Nanocomposite: A Review , 2015, Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering.

[104]  A. Conte,et al.  Investigation of developed clay‐nanocomposite packaging film on quality of peach fruit (Prunus persica Cv. Alberta) during cold storage , 2018 .

[105]  M. Pozo,et al.  Clay and non-clay minerals in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries Part II. Active ingredients , 2010 .

[106]  H. Deng,et al.  Confine Clay in an Alternating Multilayered Structure through Injection Molding: A Simple and Efficient Route to Improve Barrier Performance of Polymeric Materials. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[107]  R. Spontak,et al.  Effect of polyelectrolyte on the barrier efficacy of layer-by-layer nanoclay coatings , 2017 .

[108]  Yong Huang,et al.  Self-Supporting Nanoclay as Internal Scaffold Material for Direct Printing of Soft Hydrogel Composite Structures in Air. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[109]  M. Bousmina,et al.  Biodegradable polymers and their layered silicate nanocomposites: In greening the 21st century materials world , 2005 .

[110]  M. Hançer,et al.  Montmorillonite reinforced polymer nanocomposite antibacterial film , 2015 .

[111]  J. Viana,et al.  Melt blending and characterization of carbon nanoparticles-filled thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers , 2015 .

[112]  Soojin Park,et al.  Interlayer polymerization in amine-terminated macromolecular chain-grafted expanded graphite for fabricating highly thermal conductive and physically strong thermoset composites for thermal management applications , 2018, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing.

[113]  Sabu Thomas,et al.  Poly(glycidyl methacrylate)-grafted clay nanofiller for highly transparent and mechanically robust epoxy composites , 2015 .

[114]  M. Chehimi,et al.  Diazonium cation-exchanged clay: an efficient, unfrequented route for making clay/polymer nanocomposites. , 2013, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[115]  Xin Ge,et al.  Effects of silane coupling agents on tribological properties of bentonite/nitrile butadiene rubber composites , 2017 .

[116]  K. Sadasivuni,et al.  Poly-carboxylic acids functionalized chitosan nanocarriers for controlled and targeted anti-cancer drug delivery. , 2016, Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie.

[117]  A. Metin,et al.  Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan/Polyvinylpyrrolidone/Zeolite Composite by Solution Blending Method , 2014, Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials.

[118]  A. Khademhosseini,et al.  Effect of ionic strength on shear-thinning nanoclay-polymer composite hydrogels. , 2018, Biomaterials science.

[119]  Changou Pan,et al.  Surface Modification of Attapulgite Nanorods with Nitrile Butadiene Rubber via Thiol–Ene Interfacial Click Reaction: Grafting or Crosslinking , 2018 .

[120]  M. A. Gilani,et al.  Characteristic Properties of Nanoclays and Characterization of Nanoparticulates and Nanocomposites , 2016 .

[121]  P. Pasbakhsh,et al.  Nanotubes in nanofibers: Antibacterial multilayered polylactic acid/halloysite/gentamicin membranes for bone regeneration application , 2017, Applied Clay Science.

[122]  A. Taubert,et al.  Clay-polymer nanocomposites (CPNs): adsorbents of the future for water treatment. , 2014 .

[123]  M. Pakizeh,et al.  Study the effects of Cloisite15A nanoclay incorporation on the morphology and gas permeation properties of Pebax2533 polymer , 2017 .

[124]  P. Nayak,et al.  Preparation and characterization of chitosan–polylactide composites blended with Cloisite 30B for control release of the anticancer drug paclitaxel , 2011 .

[125]  D. E. Kherroub,et al.  Synthesis of poly(furfuryl alcohol)/montmorillonite nanocomposites by direct in-situ polymerization , 2015, Bulletin of Materials Science.

[126]  K. Matyjaszewski,et al.  Photoinduced Miniemulsion Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. , 2018, ACS macro letters.

[127]  Y. Lvov,et al.  Functional polymer–clay nanotube composites with sustained release of chemical agents , 2013 .

[128]  V. Altstädt,et al.  Transfer batch blending, an innovative solvent/solid assisted method for melt compounding to achieve good dispersion quality for polymer–clay-nanocomposites , 2015 .

[129]  M. Arroyo,et al.  Organoclay–natural rubber nanocomposites synthesized by mechanical and solution mixing methods , 2004 .

[130]  H. Moussout,et al.  Performances of local chitosan and its nanocomposite 5%Bentonite/Chitosan in the removal of chromium ions (Cr(VI)) from wastewater. , 2017, International journal of biological macromolecules.

[131]  Nanoclay Reinforced Polymer Composites: Nanocomposites and Bionanocomposites , 2016 .

[132]  A. Yussuf,et al.  Investigation of Polypropylene-Montmorillonite Clay Nanocomposite Films Containing a Pro-degradant Additive , 2017, Journal of Polymers and the Environment.

[133]  K. Rhee,et al.  A review on carbon nanotubes and graphene as fillers in reinforced polymer nanocomposites , 2015 .

[134]  A. Nikolaidis,et al.  Synthesis and Characterization of PMMA/Organomodified Montmorillonite Nanocomposites Prepared by in Situ Bulk Polymerization , 2011 .

[135]  Qiao Dong,et al.  Reduction of moisture susceptibility of cold asphalt mixture with Portland cement and bentonite nanoclay additives , 2018 .

[136]  R. Gaud,et al.  Nanocomposite for cancer targeted drug delivery , 2018 .

[137]  Hartmut Fischer,et al.  Nanocomposites from polymers and layered minerals , 1999 .

[138]  M. Misra,et al.  Microwave Synthesis and Melt Blending of Glycerol Based Toughening Agent with Poly(lactic acid) , 2016 .

[139]  Y. Grohens,et al.  Development of antimicrobial PCL/nanoclay nanocomposite films with enhanced mechanical and water vapor barrier properties for packaging applications , 2015, Polymer Bulletin.

[140]  J. Bartoli,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of PMMA and organic modified montmorilonites nanocomposites via in situ polymerization assisted by sonication , 2018, Applied Clay Science.

[141]  Xiaomin Zhu,et al.  Modification of isotactic polypropylene by silica nanocapsules via melt blending method , 2018 .

[142]  L. Matuana.  Rigid PVC/(layered silicate) nanocomposites produced through a novel melt‐blending approach , 2009 .

[143]  Constantine D. Papaspyrides,et al.  A review on polymer–layered silicate nanocomposites , 2008 .

[144]  Jintu Fan,et al.  Improved dielectric properties for chemically functionalized exfoliated graphite nanoplates/syndiotactic polystyrene composites prepared by a solution-blending method , 2014 .

[145]  Wael Sabry Mohamed,et al.  Preparation and Characterization of Melt Spun Polypropylene / Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Fibre for Ibuprofen Drug Delivery Application , 2018 .

[146]  Elodie Bugnicourt,et al.  Review on the Processing and Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites and Nanocoatings and Their Applications in the Packaging, Automotive and Solar Energy Fields , 2017, Nanomaterials.

[147]  T. Galloway,et al.  Dissolution and bandgap paradigms for predicting the toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles in the marine environment: an in vivo study with oyster embryos , 2018, Nanotoxicology.

[148]  F. Dumur,et al.  Visible light sensitive photoinitiating systems: Recent progress in cationic and radical photopolymerization reactions under soft conditions , 2015 .

[149]  Saman A. Aryana,et al.  An experimental investigation of nanoparticle-stabilized CO2 foam used in enhanced oil recovery , 2016 .

[150]  M. Chehimi,et al.  Site-specific immobilisation of gold nanoparticles on a porous monolith surface by using a thiol-yne click photopatterning approach. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[151]  G. Choudalakis,et al.  Permeability of polymer/clay nanocomposites: A review , 2009 .

[152]  P. Liu,et al.  Polymer modified clay minerals: A review , 2007 .

[153]  K. Rhee,et al.  Physico–chemical and mechanical properties and antibacterial activity of silver/poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene nanocomposites obtained by electrochemical method , 2016 .

[154]  S. Rowan,et al.  Biomimetic Reversible Heat-Stiffening Polymer Nanocomposites , 2017, ACS central science.

[155]  Vivek Verma,et al.  Click chemistry route to covalently link cellulose and clay , 2015, Cellulose.

[156]  G. Grest,et al.  Nanoparticle Motion in Entangled Melts of Linear and Nonconcatenated Ring Polymers , 2017, Macromolecules.

[157]  Kezia Buruga,et al.  Fabrication of γ-MPS-Modified HNT–PMMA Nanocomposites by Ultrasound-Assisted Miniemulsion Polymerization , 2018 .

[158]  Jeremiah A. Johnson,et al.  Light-Controlled Radical Polymerization: Mechanisms, Methods, and Applications. , 2016, Chemical reviews.

[159]  A. Isayev,et al.  Rheology: Concepts, Methods and Applications , 2005 .

[160]  F. Wypych,et al.  Mechanical and flame-retardant properties of epoxy/Mg–Al LDH composites , 2011 .

[161]  A. Sorrentino,et al.  Controlled release mechanisms of sodium benzoate from a biodegradable polymer and halloysite nanotube composite , 2017 .

[162]  Chongli Zhong,et al.  A versatile MOF-based trap for heavy metal ion capture and dispersion , 2018, Nature Communications.

[163]  Weian Zhang,et al.  Recent advances in organic–inorganic well-defined hybrid polymers using controlled living radical polymerization techniques , 2016 .

[164]  Jean-Pierre Fouassier,et al.  Photopolymerization Reactions: On the Way to a Green and Sustainable Chemistry , 2013 .

[165]  Karsten Haupt,et al.  Molecularly imprinted polymer nanomaterials and nanocomposites by controlled/living radical polymerization , 2016 .

[166]  S. Shiratori,et al.  Porous Transition of Polyelectrolyte Film through Reaction-Induced Phase Separation Caused by Interaction with Specific Metal Ions. , 2016, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[167]  Y. Zhang,et al.  A novel approach for preparing exfoliated UV-cured polymer/LDH nanocomposites via pre-exfoliated organic LDH , 2011 .

[168]  C. Brett,et al.  Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on redox polymer/carbon nanotube modified electrodes: a review. , 2015, Analytica chimica acta.

[169]  M. Gutiérrez,et al.  Preparation of Chitosan Nanocompositeswith a Macroporous Structure by Unidirectional Freezing and Subsequent Freeze-Drying , 2014, Marine drugs.

[170]  M. Gutiérrez,et al.  Role of polymers in the design of 3D carbon nanotube-based scaffolds for biomedical applications , 2014 .

[171]  H. Kaji,et al.  Photocontrolled Organocatalyzed Living Radical Polymerization Feasible over a Wide Range of Wavelengths. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[172]  C. Boyer,et al.  Stereo-, Temporal and Chemical Control through Photoactivation of Living Radical Polymerization: Synthesis of Block and Gradient Copolymers. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[173]  E. Bourgeat‐Lami,et al.  Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization of Styrene Initiated from the Surface of Laponite Clay Platelets , 2007 .

[174]  F. Bonaccorso,et al.  Solution blending preparation of polycarbonate/graphene composite: boosting the mechanical and electrical properties , 2016, 1805.01659.

[175]  Alexander M Seifalian,et al.  Carbon nanotubes leading the way forward in new generation 3D tissue engineering. , 2014, Biotechnology advances.

[176]  K. Matyjaszewski,et al.  Surface-Initiated Polymerization as an Enabling Tool for Multifunctional (Nano-)Engineered Hybrid Materials , 2014 .

[177]  A. Gaharwar,et al.  Nanoengineered Osteoinductive and Elastomeric Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. , 2017, ACS biomaterials science & engineering.

[178]  M. Abbasian,et al.  Polymericaly modified clays to preparation of polystyrene nanocomposite by nitroxide mediated radical polymerization and solution blending methods , 2017 .

[179]  T. Mukhopadhyay,et al.  Organophilic Nano Clay: A Comprehensive Review , 2011 .

[180]  Sabu Thomas,et al.  An Overview of Polymer–Clay Nanocomposites , 2017 .

[181]  S. El-Korashy,et al.  Fabrication of bentonite/thiourea-formaldehyde composite material for Pb(II), Mn(VII) and Cr(VI) sorption: A combined basic study and industrial application , 2016 .

[182]  V. Mittal.  Advances in Polyolefin Nanocomposites , 2010 .

[183]  R. S. Cardoso,et al.  Masterbatches of polypropylene/clay obtained by in situ polymerization and melt-blended with commercial polypropylene , 2017 .

[184]  Ahed Hameed Jaaz,et al.  The Impact of Halloysite on the Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites , 2017, Molecules.

[185]  Emmanuel P. Giannelis,et al.  Polymer Layered Silicate Nanocomposites , 1996 .

[186]  Ayesha Kausar,et al.  Research Progress on Properties and Applications of Polymer/Clay Nanocomposite , 2016 .

[187]  Zhongbin Xu,et al.  Clay network in ABS-graft-MAH nanocomposites: Rheology and flammability , 2007 .

[188]  Qin Xu,et al.  A paper disk equipped with graphene/polyaniline/Au nanoparticles/glucose oxidase biocomposite modified screen-printed electrode: toward whole blood glucose determination. , 2014, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[189]  Kevin A. Cavicchi,et al.  Tailor-Made Fluorinated Copolymer/Clay Nanocomposite by Cationic RAFT Assisted Pickering Miniemulsion Polymerization. , 2015, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[190]  B. F. Yousif,et al.  A critical review on the manufacturing processes in relation to the properties of nanoclay/polymer composites , 2013 .

[191]  G. Cavallaro,et al.  Halloysite Nanotubes: Controlled Access and Release by Smart Gates , 2017, Nanomaterials.

[192]  G. Pugazhenthi,et al.  Structural and thermal properties of polystyrene/CoAl-layered double hydroxide nanocomposites prepared via solvent blending: effect of LDH loading , 2013 .

[193]  Azam Jalali‐arani,et al.  Morphology Development via Static Crosslinking of (Polylactic Acid/Acrylic Rubber) as an Immiscible Polymer Blend , 2018 .

[194]  Y. Yagcı,et al.  In situ Synthesis of Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites by Living and Controlled/Living Polymerization , 2010 .

[195]  J. Asua,et al.  An investigation into the nature and potential of in-situ surfactants for low energy miniemulsification. , 2015, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[196]  Huang-Hao Yang,et al.  Multifunctional Fe₃O₄@polydopamine core-shell nanocomposites for intracellular mRNA detection and imaging-guided photothermal therapy. , 2014, ACS nano.

[197]  M. Kokabi,et al.  Poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan/honey/clay responsive nanocomposite hydrogel wound dressing , 2018 .

[198]  Y. Yagcı,et al.  Efficient photoinduced In situ preparation of clay/poly(glycidyl methacrylate) nanocomposites using hydrogen-donor silane , 2015 .

[199]  P. Zhang,et al.  Functional Silver Nanoparticle as a Benign Antimicrobial Agent That Eradicates Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Promotes Wound Healing. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[200]  Xin Wang,et al.  3D printing of polymer matrix composites: A review and prospective , 2017 .

[201]  V. S. Moholkar,et al.  Enhancement of thermal and mechanical properties of poly(MMA-co-BA)/Cloisite 30B nanocomposites by ultrasound-assisted in-situ emulsion polymerization. , 2017, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[202]  Susan L. Tighe,et al.  A Review of Advances of Nanotechnology in Asphalt Mixtures , 2013 .

[203]  T. Bein,et al.  Nanocellulose-Templated Porous Titania Scaffolds Incorporating Presynthesized Titania Nanocrystals , 2015 .

[204]  R. Grieken,et al.  Development of a new synthetic method based on in situ strategies for polyethylene/clay composites , 2012 .

[205]  CLAY MINERALS,et al.  Clay Minerals , 2004 .

[206]  K. M. Lee,et al.  Linear Dynamic Viscoelastic Properties of Functionalized Block Copolymer/Organoclay Nanocomposites , 2003 .

[207]  Y. Yagcı,et al.  Photoinitiated atom transfer radical polymerization: Current status and future perspectives , 2014 .

[208]  A. Durmuş,et al.  Comparing of melt blending and solution mixing methods on the physical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane/organoclay nanocomposite films , 2017 .

[209]  Xu Wang,et al.  Creep and recovery of polystyrene composites filled with graphene additives , 2014 .

[210]  J. M. Pastor,et al.  Control of molecular weight and polydispersity in polyethylene/needle-like shaped clay nanocomposites obtained by in situ polymerization with metallocene catalysts , 2016 .

[211]  M. Taşdelen,et al.  Polymer Nanocomposites via Click Chemistry Reactions , 2017, Polymers.

[212]  M. Jollands,et al.  Effect of mixing conditions on mechanical properties of polylactide/montmorillonite clay nanocomposites , 2010 .

[213]  G. Cavallaro,et al.  Effect of Morphology and Size of Halloysite Nanotubes on Functional Pectin Bionanocomposites for Food Packaging Applications. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[214]  Jian Pei,et al.  Highly stable organic polymer field-effect transistor sensor for selective detection in the marine environment , 2014, Nature Communications.

[215]  A. Denizli,et al.  Newly synthesized bentonite–histidine (Bent–His) micro-composite affinity sorbents for IgG adsorption , 2007 .

[216]  Huaping Wang,et al.  Functionalized bacterial cellulose derivatives and nanocomposites. , 2014, Carbohydrate polymers.