A Control Approach Integrating Electric Vehicle Charger and Dynamic Response of Demand-Side Resource Aggregators

Regardless of whether level 1, level 2, or dc fast charging, several methods are under development or available as an aftermarket option for Plug-in electric vehicles (EVs). While confining the charging behavior of EVs to low-load periods is difficult, it leads to significant and uncertain load peaks and valleys in the utility power network. Therefore, this paper proposes a new method for an electric vehicle charger. The proposed charging method involves power supervisory characteristics on the basis of the paradigm of a constant-current and a constant-voltage (CC–CV) charger so that the external commands from the demand-side resource aggregator in the smart grid can be executed. In the method, first, a feedback loop is included in the controller to formulate the relationship between battery voltage and charging power as a quadratic concave downward polynomial. The controlled output power at the beginning of constant voltage charging is then set to the maximum value of the quadratic polynomial because the charging power requirement near this point is closed to the highest. Hence, if the charging power is lower than the allowable maximum power, the proposed charger is determined to have followed the traditional CC–CV charging steps. On contrast, the proposed circuit launches the power control loop when the actual charging power is beyond the maximum power limitation of aggregator. The proposed charger can keep the power consumption inside an allowable range of aggregator. That is the power consumption at the EV charging sites becomes directly programmable by their aggregators. The proposed method is examined by conducting an interactive test of a remote energy management system and the proposed controller. The results revealed that the proposed method provide an easy method to dynamically control consumption pattern of the EV charging for demand-side power management.