Book Reviews: Linguistic Fundamentals for Natural Language Processing: 100 Essentials from Morphology and Syntax by Emily M. Bender

Many NLP tasks have at their core a subtask of extracting the dependencieswho did what to whomfrom natural language sentences. This task can be understood as the inverse of the problem solved in different ways by diverse human languages, namely, how to indicate the relationship between different parts of a sentence. Understanding how languages solve the problem can be extremely useful in both feature design and error analysis in the application of machine learning to NLP. Likewise, understanding cross-linguistic variation can be important for the design of MT systems and other multilingual applications. The purpose of this book is to present in a succinct and accessible fashion information about the morphological and syntactic structure of human languages that can be useful in creating more linguistically sophisticated, more language-independent, and thus more successful NLP systems. Table of Contents: Acknowledgments / Introduction/motivation / Morphology: Introduction / Morphophonology / Morphosyntax / Syntax: Introduction / Parts of speech / Heads, arguments, and adjuncts / Argument types and grammatical functions / Mismatches between syntactic position and semantic roles / Resources / Bibliography / Author's Biography / General Index / Index of Languages

[1]  Mine Nakipoglu-Demiralp.  The referential properties of the implicit arguments of impersonal passive constructions , 2002 .

[2]  Peter Lasersohn.  On the reading of plural noun phrases , 1989 .

[3]  Lucia Specia,et al.  LEXenstein: A Framework for Lexical Simplification , 2015, ACL.

[4]  Isaac G. Councill,et al.  What's great and what's not: learning to classify the scope of negation for improved sentiment analysis , 2010, NeSp-NLP@ACL.

[5]  Thorsten Joachims,et al.  Training linear SVMs in linear time , 2006, KDD '06.

[6]  Emanuele Pianta,et al.  The TextPro Tool Suite , 2008, LREC.

[7]  Advaith Siddharthan,et al.  Text Simplification using Typed Dependencies: A Comparision of the Robustness of Different Generation Strategies , 2011, ENLG.

[8]  Desmond C. Derbyshire,et al.  Handbook of Amazonian Languages, Volume 2 , 1990 .

[9]  H. Kamp.  A Theory of Truth and Semantic Representation , 2008 .

[10]  Daniel Gildea,et al.  The Proposition Bank: An Annotated Corpus of Semantic Roles , 2005, CL.

[11]  Adrienne Lehrer.  A Note on the Semantics of -Ist and -Ism , 1988 .

[12]  Charles J. Fillmore,et al.  The FrameNet tagset for frame-semantic and syntactic coding of predicate-argument structure , 2000, ANLP.

[13]  Siddhartha Jonnalagadda,et al.  Towards Effective Sentence Simplification for Automatic Processing of Biomedical Text , 2009, HLT-NAACL.

[14]  Partha Lal,et al.  Extract-based Summarization with Simplification , 2002, ACL 2002.

[15]  C. Phillips.  Linear Order and Constituency , 2003, Linguistic Inquiry.

[16]  R. Gunning.  The Technique of Clear Writing. , 1968 .

[17]  Adrian Leemann,et al.  Methods in contemporary linguistics , 2012 .

[18]  Dan Klein,et al.  Prototype-Driven Grammar Induction , 2006, ACL.

[19]  Christopher D. Manning,et al.  Improved Semantic Representations From Tree-Structured Long Short-Term Memory Networks , 2015, ACL.

[20]  András Kornai,et al.  The X-bar theory of phrase structure , 1990 .

[21]  Anna Siewierska,et al.  Person: List of figures , 2004 .

[22]  Noah A. Smith,et al.  Good Question! Statistical Ranking for Question Generation , 2010, NAACL.

[23]  April McMahon,et al.  Finding Families: Quantitative Methods in Language Classification , 2003 .

[24]  Dekang Lin,et al.  Dependency-Based Evaluation of Minipar , 2003 .

[25]  Roberto Navigli,et al.  The English lexical substitution task , 2009, Lang. Resour. Evaluation.

[26]  P. Gordon,et al.  Frequency Effects and the Representational Status of Regular Inflections , 1999 .

[27]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Coh-Metrix: Analysis of text on cohesion and language , 2004, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[28]  Dietrich Klakow,et al.  A survey on the role of negation in sentiment analysis , 2010, NeSp-NLP@ACL.

[29]  Ruslan Mitkov,et al.  Robust Pronoun Resolution with Limited Knowledge , 1998, ACL.

[30]  G. Pullum,et al.  CLITICIZATION VS. INFLECTION: ENGLISH N'T , 1983 .

[31]  Salim Roukos,et al.  Bleu: a Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation , 2002, ACL.

[32]  Daniel Marcu,et al.  Text Simplification for Information-Seeking Applications , 2004, CoopIS/DOA/ODBASE.

[33]  Alla Keselman,et al.  Towards Consumer-Friendly PHRs: Patients' Experience with Reviewing Their Health Records , 2007, AMIA.

[34]  David Yarowsky,et al.  One Sense Per Discourse , 1992, HLT.

[35]  Stephan Oepen,et al.  SEM-I rational MT : enriching deep grammars with a semantic interface for scalable machine translation. , 2005 .

[36]  Gonzalo Navarro,et al.  A guided tour to approximate string matching , 2001, CSUR.

[37]  Ricardo Baeza-Yates,et al.  Simplify or help?: text simplification strategies for people with dyslexia , 2013, W4A.

[38]  Violeta Seretan.  Acquisition of Syntactic Simplification Rules for French , 2012, LREC.

[39]  Mark Steedman,et al.  The syntactic process , 2004, Language, speech, and communication.

[40]  Srinivas Bangalore,et al.  Performance Evaluation of Supertagging for Partial Parsing , 2000 .

[41]  Sanja Stajner,et al.  Translating sentences from 'original' to 'simplified' Spanish , 2014, Proces. del Leng. Natural.

[42]  Robert Dixon,et al.  Complement clauses and complementation strategies in typological perspective , 2006 .

[43]  Stephen R. Anderson,et al.  A-Morphous morphology , 1992 .

[44]  Yoram Singer,et al.  Pegasos: primal estimated sub-gradient solver for SVM , 2011, Math. Program..

[45]  Lucia Specia,et al.  SemEval-2012 Task 1: English Lexical Simplification , 2012, *SEMEVAL.

[46]  Helmut Schmidt,et al.  Probabilistic part-of-speech tagging using decision trees , 1994 .

[47]  William C. Mann,et al.  Rhetorical Structure Theory: Toward a functional theory of text organization , 1988 .

[48]  Shuly Wintner,et al.  Last Words: What Science Underlies Natural Language Engineering? , 2009, CL.

[49]  Lutz Marten,et al.  Bemba benefactive constructions in the typology of applicatives , 2011 .

[50]  Emiel Krahmer,et al.  Sentence Simplification by Monolingual Machine Translation , 2012, ACL.

[51]  Slav Petrov,et al.  Syntactic Annotations for the Google Books NGram Corpus , 2012, ACL.

[52]  A. Zwicky.  CLITICS AND PARTICLES , 1985 .

[53]  S. Anderson.  Wackernagel's Revenge: Clitics, Morphology, and the Syntax of Second Position , 1993 .

[54]  John A. Hawkins,et al.  The relative order of prepositional phrases in English: Going beyond Manner–Place–Time , 1999, Language Variation and Change.

[55]  Yi Zhang,et al.  Automated Deep Lexical Acquisition for Robust Open Texts Processing , 2006, LREC.

[56]  Son Bao Pham,et al.  Learning to Simplify Children Stories with Limited Data , 2014, ACIIDS.

[57]  E. Prince.  Topicalization, Focus-Movement, and Yiddish-Movement: A Pragmatic Differentiation , 1981 .

[58]  M. Brysbaert,et al.  Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words , 2012, Behavior research methods.

[59]  Allan Hanbury,et al.  The Influence of Pre-processing on the Estimation of Readability of Web Documents , 2015, CIKM.

[60]  Walt Detmar Meurers,et al.  Readability assessment for text simplification: From analysing documents to identifying sentential simplifications , 2014 .

[61]  Emily M. Bender,et al.  The Grammar Matrix: An Open-Source Starter-Kit for the Rapid Development of Cross-linguistically Consistent Broad-Coverage Precision Grammars , 2002, COLING 2002.

[62]  Jinxi Xu,et al.  String-to-Dependency Statistical Machine Translation , 2010, CL.

[63]  Ani Nenkova,et al.  Syntactic Simplification for Improving Content Selection in Multi-Document Summarization , 2004, COLING.

[64]  Hermann Ney,et al.  A Systematic Comparison of Various Statistical Alignment Models , 2003, CL.

[65]  Timothy Baldwin,et al.  Bootstrapping Deep Lexical Resources: Resources for Courses , 2005, ACL 2005.

[66]  Luo Si,et al.  A statistical model for scientific readability , 2001, CIKM '01.

[67]  Miriam Butt,et al.  The Parallel Grammar Project , 2002, COLING 2002.

[68]  P. Smolensky,et al.  Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar , 2004 .

[69]  P. Nation,et al.  A vocabulary-size test of controlled productive ability , 1999 .

[70]  Beatrice Santorini,et al.  Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank , 1993, CL.

[71]  Noam Chomsky,et al.  The Sound Pattern of English , 1968 .

[72]  Qiang Wu,et al.  Adapting boosting for information retrieval measures , 2010, Information Retrieval.

[73]  Iryna Gurevych,et al.  A Monolingual Tree-based Translation Model for Sentence Simplification , 2010, COLING.

[74]  Cédrick Fairon,et al.  Towards a French lexicon with difficulty measures: NLP helping to bridge the gap between traditional dictionaries and specialized lexicons. , 2013 .

[75]  Mark Steedman,et al.  Unbounded Dependency Recovery for Parser Evaluation , 2009, EMNLP.

[76]  Timothy Baldwin,et al.  Die Morphologie (f): Targeted Lexical Acquisition for Languages other than English , 2006, ALTA.

[77]  Mari Ostendorf,et al.  Text simplification for language learners: a corpus analysis , 2007, SLaTE.

[78]  Jerome L. Packard,et al.  New approaches to Chinese word formation : morphology, phonology and the lexicon in modern and ancient Chinese , 1998 .

[79]  Goran Glavas,et al.  Event-Centered Simplification of News Stories , 2013, RANLP.

[80]  Matthew G. Snover,et al.  A Study of Translation Edit Rate with Targeted Human Annotation , 2006, AMTA.

[81]  Antske Fokkens,et al.  Grammar Customization , 2010 .

[82]  Emily M. Bender,et al.  Parser Evaluation over Local and Non-Local Deep Dependencies in a Large Corpus , 2011, EMNLP.

[83]  Richard Johansson,et al.  The CoNLL 2008 Shared Task on Joint Parsing of Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies , 2008, CoNLL.

[84]  B. Blake.  Case by Barry J. Blake , 2001 .

[85]  Sanja Stajner,et al.  Adapting Text Simplification Decisions to Different Text Genres and Target Users , 2013, Proces. del Leng. Natural.

[86]  Ehud Reiter,et al.  Generating Readable Texts for Readers with Low Basic Skills , 2005, ENLG.

[87]  Shashi Narayan,et al.  Hybrid Simplification using Deep Semantics and Machine Translation , 2014, ACL.

[88]  Andrew D. Walker,et al.  Investigation into Human Preference between Common and Unambiguous Lexical Substitutions , 2011, ENLG.

[89]  Francis X. Katamba.  Bantu Nominal Morphology , 2003 .

[90]  Dan Klein,et al.  Accurate Unlexicalized Parsing , 2003, ACL.

[91]  Horacio Saggion,et al.  Colouring Summaries BLEU , 2003 .

[92]  Michael Silverstein,et al.  Chinook Jargon: Language Contact and the Problem of Multi-level Generative Systems, I. , 1972 .

[93]  Petter Haugereid.  Linking in Constructions , 2004 .

[94]  Stephan Oepen,et al.  LinGO Redwoods , 2004 .

[95]  Yuji Matsumoto,et al.  Extended Models and Tools for High-performance Part-of-speech , 2000, COLING.

[96]  Lucia Specia,et al.  Natural language processing for social inclusion : a text simplification architecture for different literacy levels , 2009 .

[97]  C. K. Ogden,et al.  Basic English : a general introduction with rules and grammar , 1930 .

[98]  Hal Daumé,et al.  Non-Parametric Bayesian Areal Linguistics , 2009, HLT-NAACL.

[99]  Magnus Sahlgren,et al.  The Word-Space Model: using distributional analysis to represent syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between words in high-dimensional vector spaces , 2006 .

[100]  C. Norbury,et al.  Barking up the wrong tree? Lexical ambiguity resolution in children with language impairments and autistic spectrum disorders. , 2005, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[101]  P. Postal,et al.  Underlying and Superficial Linguistic Structure , 1964 .

[102]  Aiko M. Hormann,et al.  Programs for Machine Learning. Part I , 1962, Inf. Control..

[103]  C. Pollard.  Anhaphors in English and the scope of binding theory , 1992 .

[104]  Susan T. Dumais,et al.  The latent semantic analysis theory of knowledge , 1997 .

[105]  Ethel Ong,et al.  Simplifying Text in Medical Literature , 2008 .

[106]  Maryellen C. MacDonald,et al.  Probabilistic constraints and syntactic ambiguity resolution , 1994 .

[107]  Paola Monachesi,et al.  Object clitics and clitic climbing in Italian HPSG grammar , 1993, EACL.

[108]  Jeff A. Bilmes,et al.  Factored Language Models and Generalized Parallel Backoff , 2003, NAACL.

[109]  Alexander Schrijver,et al.  Theory of linear and integer programming , 1986, Wiley-Interscience series in discrete mathematics and optimization.

[110]  Yifan Peng,et al.  iSimp: A sentence simplification system for biomedicail text , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine.

[111]  N. D. Pidgen,et al.  The Comparative Method , 1987 .

[112]  David Kauchak,et al.  Improving Text Simplification Language Modeling Using Unsimplified Text Data , 2013, ACL.

[113]  Jeffrey Pennington,et al.  GloVe: Global Vectors for Word Representation , 2014, EMNLP.

[114]  Nicholas D. Evans,et al.  A grammar of Kayardild : with historical-comparative notes on Tangkic , 1995 .

[115]  Sanja Stajner,et al.  A Deeper Exploration of the Standard PB-SMT Approach to Text Simplification and its Evaluation , 2015, ACL.

[116]  M. Mithun.  The evolution of noun incorporation , 1984 .

[117]  Jeff Good,et al.  The Typology of Templates , 2011, Lang. Linguistics Compass.

[118]  Simon Kerl.  A comprehensive grammar of the English language , .

[119]  Dan Flickinger,et al.  On building a more effcient grammar by exploiting types , 2000, Natural Language Engineering.

[120]  Mari Ostendorf,et al.  Identifying targets for syntactic simplification , 2011, SLaTE.

[121]  Kevin Knight,et al.  A Syntax-based Statistical Translation Model , 2001, ACL.

[122]  Beata Beigman Klebanov,et al.  Associative Lexical Cohesion as a factor in Text Complexity , 2014 .

[123]  Emily M. Bender,et al.  Implementing the Syntax of Japanese Numeral Classifiers , 2004, IJCNLP.

[124]  Dan I. Slobin,et al.  A psychological account of the development and use of evidentials in Turkish , 1986 .

[125]  Slav Petrov,et al.  A Universal Part-of-Speech Tagset , 2011, LREC.

[126]  Christopher D. Manning,et al.  The Stanford Typed Dependencies Representation , 2008, CF+CDPE@COLING.

[127]  Mark Dredze,et al.  Revisiting the Case for Explicit Syntactic Information in Language Models , 2012, WLM@NAACL-HLT.

[128]  Chris Callison-Burch,et al.  Problems in Current Text Simplification Research: New Data Can Help , 2015, TACL.

[129]  Ani Nenkova,et al.  Revisiting Readability: A Unified Framework for Predicting Text Quality , 2008, EMNLP.

[130]  Jesse Tseng,et al.  Phrasal affixes and French morphosyntax , 2003 .

[131]  Ronald M. Kaplan,et al.  Lexical Functional Grammar A Formal System for Grammatical Representation , 2004 .

[132]  Robert Krovetz,et al.  More than One Sense Per Discourse , 1998 .

[133]  Ivan A. Sag,et al.  An Integrated Theory of Complement Control. , 1991 .

[134]  Mirella Lapata,et al.  Learning to Simplify Sentences with Quasi-Synchronous Grammar and Integer Programming , 2011, EMNLP.

[135]  Elena Lloret,et al.  Proyecto FIRST (Flexible Interactive Reading Support Tool): Desarrollo de una herramienta para ayudar a personas con autismo mediante la simplificación de textos , 2014, Proces. del Leng. Natural.

[136]  Günter Neumann,et al.  372: Comparing the Benefit of Different Dependency Parsers for Textual Entailment Using Syntactic Constraints Only , 2010, SemEval@ACL.

[137]  Stephan Oepen,et al.  WikiWoods: Syntacto-Semantic Annotation for English Wikipedia , 2010, LREC.

[138]  Ian H. Witten,et al.  The WEKA data mining software: an update , 2009, SKDD.

[139]  Tibor Kiss,et al.  Semantic Constraints on Relative Clause Extraposition , 2005 .

[140]  Alexandra Kinyon,et al.  Building a Treebank for French , 2000, LREC.

[141]  Advaith Siddharthan,et al.  Hybrid text simplification using synchronous dependency grammars with hand-written and automatically harvested rules , 2014, EACL.

[142]  C. Rudin.  On multiple questions and multiple WH fronting , 1988 .

[143]  Seth Spaulding,et al.  A Spanish Readability Formula , 1956 .

[144]  Timothy Baldwin,et al.  Unsupervised Parse Selection for HPSG , 2010, EMNLP.

[145]  Elizabeth Closs Traugott,et al.  Lexicalization and Language Change: List of abbreviations , 2005 .

[146]  Lucia Specia,et al.  UOW-SHEF: SimpLex – Lexical Simplicity Ranking based on Contextual and Psycholinguistic Features , 2012, *SEMEVAL.

[147]  LEON STASSEN,et al.  AND-languages and WITH-languages , 2000 .

[148]  Alla Keselman,et al.  Making Texts in Electronic Health Records Comprehensible to Consumers: A Prototype Translator , 2007, AMIA.

[149]  Advaith Siddharthan,et al.  An architecture for a text simplification system , 2002, Language Engineering Conference, 2002. Proceedings.

[150]  Timothy Shopen,et al.  Language Typology and Syntactic Description: Parts-of-speech systems , 2007 .

[151]  Elizabeth Closs Traugott,et al.  Lexicalization and Language Change: References , 2005 .

[152]  Tim Buckwalter.  Issues in Arabic Orthography and Morphology Analysis , 2004 .

[153]  Sigrid Klerke,et al.  Simple, readable sub-sentences , 2013, ACL.

[154]  George L. Trager.  French Morphology: Verb Inflection , 1955 .

[155]  James Kennedy,et al.  Particle swarm optimization , 2002, Proceedings of ICNN'95 - International Conference on Neural Networks.

[156]  Advaith Siddharthan,et al.  Preserving Discourse Structure when Simplifying Text , 2003, ENLG@EACL.

[157]  Kalina Bontcheva,et al.  Architectural elements of language engineering robustness , 2002, Natural Language Engineering.

[158]  Lucia Specia,et al.  Learning When to Simplify Sentences for Natural Text Simplification , 2009 .

[159]  Hinrich Schütze,et al.  Introduction to information retrieval , 2008 .

[160]  Jeff Errington.  Simple or complex , 2000 .

[161]  Maxine Eskénazi,et al.  Combining Lexical and Grammatical Features to Improve Readability Measures for First and Second Language Texts , 2007, NAACL.

[162]  G. Harry McLaughlin,et al.  SMOG Grading - A New Readability Formula. , 1969 .

[163]  Vladimir P. Nedjalkov,et al.  Antipassive in Chukchee: oblique object, object incorporation, zero object , 1988 .

[164]  Geoffrey Zweig,et al.  Linguistic Regularities in Continuous Space Word Representations , 2013, NAACL.

[165]  John B. Lowe,et al.  The Berkeley FrameNet Project , 1998, ACL.

[166]  Kentaro Inui,et al.  Text Simplification for Reading Assistance: A Project Note , 2003, IWP@ACL.

[167]  Horacio Saggion,et al.  Text Simplification in Simplext. Making Text More Accessible , 2011, Proces. del Leng. Natural.

[168]  Benoit Lavoie,et al.  A Fast and Portable Realizer for Text Generation Systems , 1997, ANLP.

[169]  R. Mitkov,et al.  What can readability measures really tell us about text complexity , 2012 .

[170]  R. P. Fishburne,et al.  Derivation of New Readability Formulas (Automated Readability Index, Fog Count and Flesch Reading Ease Formula) for Navy Enlisted Personnel , 1975 .

[171]  Natalie Maynor.  The Morpheme Un , 1979 .

[172]  J. Bresnan,et al.  Topic, Pronoun, and Agreement in Chicheŵa@@@Topic, Pronoun, and Agreement in Chichewa , 1987 .

[173]  Philipp Koehn,et al.  Aiding Pronoun Translation with Co-Reference Resolution , 2010, WMT@ACL.

[174]  P. Ackema,et al.  The middle construction and the syntax-semantics interface☆ , 1994 .

[175]  Nitin Madnani,et al.  Fluency, Adequacy, or HTER? Exploring Different Human Judgments with a Tunable MT Metric , 2009, WMT@EACL.

[176]  A. Zwicky.  Stranded to and phonological phrasing in English , 1982 .

[177]  Matthew Shardlow,et al.  A Comparison of Techniques to Automatically Identify Complex Words. , 2013, ACL.

[178]  Ying Zhang,et al.  Interpreting BLEU/NIST Scores: How Much Improvement do We Need to Have a Better System? , 2004, LREC.

[179]  Daniel Marcu,et al.  Summarization beyond sentence extraction: A probabilistic approach to sentence compression , 2002, Artif. Intell..

[180]  Lucia Specia.  Translating from Complex to Simplified Sentences , 2010, PROPOR.

[181]  Roberto Basili,et al.  Verb Subcategorization Kernels for Automatic Semantic Labeling , 2005, ACL 2005.

[182]  Samuel Reese,et al.  FreeLing 2.1: Five Years of Open-source Language Processing Tools , 2010, LREC.

[184]  Luz Rello,et al.  DysWebxia: a text accessibility model for people with dyslexia , 2014 .

[185]  Goran Glavas,et al.  Simplifying Lexical Simplification: Do We Need Simplified Corpora? , 2015, ACL.

[186]  Sanja Stajner,et al.  Readability Indices for Automatic Evaluation of Text Simplification Systems: A Feasibility Study for Spanish , 2013, IJCNLP.

[187]  Norbert Hornstein,et al.  'The future of language' (Science) [7] , 2005 .

[188]  Edward P. Stabler,et al.  Derivational Minimalism , 1996, LACL.

[189]  Charles J. Fillmore,et al.  Pragmatically Controlled Zero Anaphora , 1986 .

[190]  R. Dixon.  Where Have all the Adjectives Gone , 1977 .

[191]  Emmon Bach,et al.  In defense of passive , 1980 .

[192]  Mari Ostendorf,et al.  Reading Level Assessment Using Support Vector Machines and Statistical Language Models , 2005, ACL.

[193]  Hal Daumé,et al.  A Bayesian Model for Discovering Typological Implications , 2007, ACL.

[194]  J. Greenberg.  A Quantitative Approach to the Morphological Typology of Language , 1960, International Journal of American Linguistics.

[195]  F. Palmer,et al.  Mood and modality , 1986 .

[196]  Srinivas Bangalore,et al.  Supertagging: An Approach to Almost Parsing , 1999, CL.

[197]  Joakim Nivre,et al.  MaltParser at the EVALITA 2009 Dependency Parsing Task , 2009 .

[198]  A. Zaenen,et al.  Case and grammatical functions: The Icelandic passive , 1985 .

[199]  Richard J. Evans,et al.  Assessing Conformance of Manually Simplified Corpora with User Requirements: the Case of Autistic Readers , 2014 .

[200]  Richard M. Schwartz,et al.  BBN/UMD at DUC-2004: Topiary , 2004 .

[201]  George A. Miller,et al.  Introduction to WordNet: An On-line Lexical Database , 1990 .

[202]  Robin Keskisärkkä.  Automatic Text Simplification via Synonym Replacement , 2012 .

[203]  Claire Cardie,et al.  Identifying Anaphoric and Non-Anaphoric Noun Phrases to Improve Coreference Resolution , 2002, COLING.

[204]  Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil,et al.  For the sake of simplicity: Unsupervised extraction of lexical simplifications from Wikipedia , 2010, NAACL.

[205]  David Kauchak,et al.  Learning a Lexical Simplifier Using Wikipedia , 2014, ACL.

[206]  Dieter Wunderlich,et al.  Argument linking in Basque , 1995 .

[207]  Eduard H. Hovy,et al.  Automatic Evaluation of Summaries Using N-gram Co-occurrence Statistics , 2003, NAACL.

[208]  Thorsten Joachims,et al.  Text Categorization with Support Vector Machines: Learning with Many Relevant Features , 1998, ECML.

[209]  Fei Xia,et al.  Comparing Language Similarity across Genetic and Typologically-Based Groupings , 2010, COLING.

[210]  Advaith Siddharthan,et al.  Syntactic Simplification and Text Cohesion , 2006 .

[211]  Chin-Yew Lin,et al.  ROUGE: A Package for Automatic Evaluation of Summaries , 2004, ACL 2004.

[212]  Sanja Stajner,et al.  Eliminación de frases y decisiones de división basadas en corpus para simplificación de textos en español , 2013, Computación y Sistemas.