Seller Responsiveness to the Need to Divest

Little theoretical attention has been given to divestiture; that is, to the question of why two firms that face similar environments make different selling decisions and reap different performance outcomes from a sale. This article proposes a framework of divestiture built around the core concept of seller responsiveness, which is defined as the readiness of the management at the selling firm to respond to the need to divest. The data show how divestiture context, management characteristics, and governance attributes influence seller responsiveness and, in turn, the price the divesting firm receives. Finally, the framework’s implications for research and practice are discussed.

[1]  M. Lubatkin,et al.  Top Management Turnover M Related M&A’s: An Additional Test of the Theory of Relative Standing , 1999 .

[2]  S. Finkelstein,et al.  Integrating Strategic, Organizational, and Human Resource Perspectives on Mergers and Acquisitions: a Case Study of Synergy Realization , 1999 .

[3]  Philippe Very,et al.  Managing Mergers Across Borders: a Two-Nation Exploration of a Nationally Bound Administrative Heritage , 1998 .

[4]  M. Lubatkin,et al.  Relative standing and the performance of recently acquired European firms , 1997 .

[5]  Mathew L. A. Hayward,et al.  Explaining the Premiums Paid for Large Acquisitions: Evidence of CEO Hubris , 1997 .

[6]  H. J. Blommestein,et al.  Responding to Crises. , 1997 .

[7]  Amy L. Pablo,et al.  Acquisition Decision-Making Processes: The Central Role of Risk , 1996 .

[8]  Kevin J. Murphy,et al.  Incentives, Downsizing, and Value Creation at General Dynamics , 1995 .

[9]  Donald D. Bergh,et al.  Size and relatedness of units sold: An agency theory and resource‐based perspective , 1995 .

[10]  Douglas D. Moesel,et al.  Corporate Divestiture Intensity in Restructuring Firms: Effects of Governance, Strategy, and Performance , 1994 .

[11]  Amy L. Pablo Determinants of acquisition integration level: A decision-making perspective. , 1994 .

[12]  Ann Buchholtz,et al.  Role of Chief Executive Officers in Takeover Resistance: Effects of CEO Incentives and Individual Characteristics , 1994 .

[13]  Brian K. Boyd,et al.  Board control and ceo compensation , 1994 .

[14]  Debra L. Shapiro,et al.  Brokering Mergers: An Agency Theory Perspective on the Role of Representatives , 1994 .

[15]  J. Dutton,et al.  Advances in strategic management , 1994 .

[16]  Michael A. Hitt,et al.  Downscoping: How to Tame the Diversified Firm , 1994 .

[17]  R. Larsson Case Survey Methodology: Quantitative Analysis of Patterns Across Case Studies , 1993 .

[18]  Robert T. Hamilton,et al.  Why managers divest—Evidence from New Zealand's largest companies , 1993 .

[19]  Barry M. Staw,et al.  ORGANIZATIONAL ESCALATION AND EXIT: LESSONS FROM THE SHOREHAM NUCLEAR POWER PLANT , 1993 .

[20]  Donald C. Hambrick,et al.  Relative Standing: A Framework for Understanding Departures of Acquired Executives , 1993 .

[21]  J. Liebeskind,et al.  The effects of ownership structure on corporate restructuring , 1993 .

[22]  Robert E. Hoskisson,et al.  BOARD OF DIRECTOR INVOLVEMENT IN RESTRUCTURING: THE EFFECTS OF BOARD VERSUS MANAGERIAL CONTROLS , 1993 .

[23]  G. Philippatos,et al.  Have voluntary divestitures of US corporations increased shareholder wealth? Empirical evidence from the life cycle , 1993 .

[24]  Wayne F. Cascio,et al.  Downsizing: What do we know? What have we learned? , 1993 .

[25]  P. Hanges,et al.  A network model of organizational climate: Friendship clusters, subgroup agreement, and climate schemas , 2008 .

[26]  Arnoud Boot Why Hang on to Losers? Divestitures and Takeovers , 1992 .

[27]  S Finkelstein,et al.  Power in top management teams: dimensions, measurement, and validation. , 1992, Academy of Management journal. Academy of Management.

[28]  Constantinos C. Markides,et al.  Consequences Of Corporate Refocusing: Ex Ante Evidence , 1992 .

[29]  M. Lubatkin,et al.  CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AND SHAREHOLDER VALUE IN RELATED MERGERS: LINKING EQUITY AND HUMAN CAPITAL , 1992 .

[30]  J. Brockner,et al.  The Influence of Prior Commitment to an Institution on Reactions to Perceived Unfairness: The Higher They Are, the Harder They Fall , 1992 .

[31]  M. Wiersema,et al.  Top Management Team Demography and Corporate Strategic Change , 1992 .

[32]  S. Sitkin Learning Through Failure : The Strategy of Small Losses , 1992 .

[33]  Yaakov Weber,et al.  Strategies for Managing Human Resources During Mergers and Acquisitions: An Empirical Investigation , 1992 .

[34]  H. Donald Hopkins,et al.  Acquisition And Divestiture As A Response To Competitive Position And Market Structure , 1991 .

[35]  D. Hambrick,et al.  The seasons of a CEO's tenure. , 1991, Academy of management review. Academy of Management.

[36]  S. Jackson,et al.  Some differences make a difference: Individual dissimilarity and group heterogeneity as correlates of recruitment, promotions, and turnover. , 1991 .

[37]  Phillip H. Phan,et al.  Ceo Tenure As a Determinant of Ceo Pay , 1991 .

[38]  Jennifer A. Chatman,et al.  PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE: A PROFILE COMPARISON APPROACH TO ASSESSING PERSON-ORGANIZATION FIT , 1991 .

[39]  Richard A. Lambert,et al.  How sensitive is executive compensation to organizational size , 1991 .

[40]  Eric Abrahamson,et al.  CHAMPIONS OF CHANGE AND STRATEGIC SHIFTS: THE ROLE OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHANGE ADVOCATES* , 1991 .

[41]  Robert E. Hoskisson,et al.  Strategic competitiveness in the 1990s: challenges and opportunities for U.S. executives , 1991 .

[42]  Sheryl B. Ball,et al.  An evaluation of learning in the bilateral winner's curse , 1991 .

[43]  David J. Miller,et al.  Stale in the Saddle: CEO Tenure and the Match Between Organization and Environment , 1991 .

[44]  R. Thaler The Winner s Curse , 1991 .

[45]  G. Donaldson,et al.  Voluntary restructuring: The case of General Mills , 1990 .

[46]  D. Hambrick,et al.  Top-management-team tenure and organizational outcomes: The moderating role of managerial discretion. , 1990 .

[47]  James P. Walsh,et al.  On the Efficiency of Internal and External Corporate Control Mechanisms , 1990 .

[48]  L. Lowenstein,et al.  Knights, Raiders, and Targets: The Impact of the Hostile Takeover , 1990 .

[49]  C. Prahalad,et al.  The Core Competence of the Corporation , 1990 .

[50]  Danny Miller,et al.  The Icarus Paradox: How Exceptional Companies Bring About Their Own Downfall , 1990 .

[51]  J. Cook,et al.  Managing organizational transition. , 1989, Nursing management.

[52]  Robert E. Hoskisson,et al.  Diversification Strategy and R&D Intensity in Multiproduct Firms , 1989 .

[53]  William Weitzel,et al.  Decline in Organizations: A Literature Integration and Extension. , 1989 .

[54]  M. Porter From Competitive Advantage to Corporate Strategy , 1989 .

[55]  Donald C. Hambrick,et al.  Chief executive compensation: A synthesis and reconciliation , 1988 .

[56]  Marilyn. Taylor,et al.  Divesting Business Units: Making the Decision and Making It Work , 1988 .

[57]  Donald C. Hambrick,et al.  A Model of CEO Dismissal , 1988 .

[58]  Donald C. Hambrick,et al.  Large Corporate Failures as Downward Spirals , 1988 .

[59]  J. Walsh Top management turnover following mergers and acquisitions , 1988 .

[60]  M. Weisbach Outside directors and CEO turnover , 1988 .

[61]  D. M. Georgoff,et al.  Harvard Business Review: David M. Georgoff and Robert G. Murdick, manager's guide to forecasting, 64 (Jan-Feb.) (1986) 110-120 , 1988 .

[62]  Ali R. Malekzadeh,et al.  Acculturation in Mergers and Acquisitions , 1988 .

[63]  Joel Brockner,et al.  Survivors' Reactions to Layoffs: We Get By with a Little Help for Our Friends. , 1987 .

[64]  J. Harrison The Strategic Use of Corporate Board Committees , 1987 .

[65]  R. Porter,et al.  Information, Returns, and Bidding Behavior in OCS Auctions: 1954-1969 , 1987 .

[66]  Rita D. Kosnik Greenmail: A Study of Board Performance in Corporate Governance , 1987 .

[67]  D. Whetten,et al.  Organizational Dysfunctions of Decline , 1987 .

[68]  John J. Gabarro,et al.  The dynamics of taking charge , 1987 .

[69]  Frederic M. Scherer,et al.  Mergers, sell-offs, and economic efficiency , 1987 .

[70]  April Klein The Timing and Substance of Divestiture Announcements: Individual, Simultaneous and Cumulative Effects , 1986 .

[71]  S. Sitkin,et al.  Corporate Acquisitions: A Process Perspective , 1986 .

[72]  John B. Black,et al.  Knowledge Structures , 1986 .

[73]  R. Roll,et al.  The Hubris Hypothesis of Corporate Takeovers , 1986 .

[74]  Charles R. Schwenk,et al.  Conjectures on Cognitive Simplification in Acquisition and Divestment Decision Making , 1985 .

[75]  Rajan R. Kamath,et al.  Divestiture, Market Valuation, and Strategy , 1984 .

[76]  J. Rosenfeld Additional Evidence on the Relation between Divestiture Announcements and Shareholder Wealth , 1984 .

[77]  J. Meindl,et al.  Corporate attributions as strategic illusions of management control. , 1984 .

[78]  D. Hambrick,et al.  Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers , 1984 .

[79]  J. Zaima,et al.  Voluntary Corporate Divestitures and Value , 1984 .

[80]  J. T. Rich,et al.  Why Some Long-Term Incentives Fail , 1984 .

[81]  D. Norburn,et al.  OVERCOMING ECONOMIC HARD TIMES: SOME LESSONS FROM THE BRITISH EXPERIENCE , 1983 .

[82]  John H. Grant,et al.  FACTORS INFLUENCING DIVESTMENT DECISION-MAKING: EVIDENCE FROM A FIELD STUDY , 1982 .

[83]  R. Zammuto Assessing Organizational Effectiveness: Systems Change, Adaptation, and Strategy , 1982 .

[84]  Shelby H. McIntyre Obstacles to corporate innovation , 1982 .

[85]  Barry M. Staw,et al.  Threat-rigidity effects in organizational behavior: A multilevel analysis. , 1981 .

[86]  Kathryn Rudie Harrigan,et al.  Deterrents to Divestiture , 1981 .

[87]  Gil E. Gordon,et al.  Critical factors in leadership succession , 1981 .

[88]  A. Tversky,et al.  The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. , 1981, Science.

[89]  Irene M. Duhaime Influences on the divestment decisions of large diversified firms , 1981 .

[90]  Naresh C. Agarwal Determinants of Executive Compensation , 1981 .

[91]  Thomas M Carroll,et al.  The Determinants of Executive Salaries: An Econometric Survey , 1980 .

[92]  Barry M. Staw,et al.  The Trapped Administrator: Effects of Job Insecurity and Policy Resistance upon Commitment to a Course of Action. , 1979 .

[93]  Robert N. Stern,et al.  The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. , 1979 .

[94]  B. Klein,et al.  Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents, and the Competitive Contracting Process , 1978, The Journal of Law and Economics.

[95]  B. Hedberg,et al.  Responding to Crises , 1978 .

[96]  J. M. Stevens,et al.  Assessing personal, role, and organizational predictors of managerial commitment. , 1978, Academy of Management journal. Academy of Management.

[97]  Danny Miller,et al.  Common syndromes of business failure , 1977 .

[98]  M. Porter,et al.  From Entry Barriers to Mobility Barriers: Conjectural Decisions and Contrived Deterrence to New Competition , 1977 .

[99]  K. David Epilogue: What Shall We Mean by Changing Identities? , 1977 .

[100]  I. Janis,et al.  Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict, Choice, and Commitment , 1977 .

[101]  M. Porter Please Note Location of Nearest Exit , 1976 .

[102]  Barry M. Staw,et al.  Knee-deep in the Big Muddy: A study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action. , 1976 .

[103]  J. Rakowski Capital Mobility in a Tariff-Ridden International Economy , 1970 .

[104]  F. Aguilar Scanning the business environment , 1967 .

[105]  Herbert A. Simon,et al.  The Compensation of Executives , 1957 .