Making sense out of industrial ecology: a framework for analysis and action

Abstract Natural ecosystems and human societies built upon them have evolved in many diverse ways. Human systems have been more materials and energy efficient in earlier periods than they are now. What can we learn from natural ecosystems that can help us to improve upon the materials and energy efficiency of our societies and thus help us to make real progress in the direction of sustainable societies? The author explores many diverse facets of our current processes and proposes ways for societal learning from nature and for applying these lessons to improve the quality of life for humans and for the ecosystem upon which we are all dependent.

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