The analysis of wind exponents retrieved from microwave radar and radiometric measurements

The analysis of the dependence of gravity-capillary spectral density on wind speed is based on near-nadir microwave radiometric measurements and VV scatterometric measurements at view angles 30/spl deg/-60/spl deg/ from nadir obtained by different investigators in field experiments during the last 25 years. Wind exponents estimated by a symmetric-regression technique for moderate wind speed are consistent both for radiometric and scatterometric measurements. Using Donelan and Pierson's approach, a parameterization of the exponent in the nonlinear dissipation term is derived. The results obtained can be used in model development for the purposes of microwave remote sensing of the ocean.

[1]  Y. G. Trokhimovski Microwave sea surface brightness temperature and radar backscatter as a function of wind speed , 1995, 1995 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS '95. Quantitative Remote Sensing for Science and Applications.

[2]  V. Etkin,et al.  The Dependence of Sea Brightness Temperature on Surface Wind Direction and Speed. Theory and Experiment , 1991, [Proceedings] IGARSS'91 Remote Sensing: Global Monitoring for Earth Management.

[3]  W. Alpers,et al.  A theory of the imaging mechanism of underwater bottom topography by real and synthetic aperture radar , 1984 .

[4]  James P. Hollinger,et al.  Passive Microwave Measurements of Sea Surface Roughness , 1971 .

[5]  W. C. Keller,et al.  Doppler Spectra in Microwave Scattering from Wind Waves , 1971 .

[6]  Owen M. Phillips,et al.  On the Response of Short Ocean Wave Components at a Fixed Wavenumber to Ocean Current Variations , 1984 .

[7]  C. Rufenach,et al.  A new relationship between radar cross-section and ocean surface wind speed using ERS-t scatterometer and buoy measurements , 1995 .

[8]  Peter Hoogeboom,et al.  Radar backscatter measurements from Platform Noordwijk in the North Sea , 1982 .

[9]  C. T. Swift,et al.  Microwave radiometer measurements of the Cape Cod Canal , 1974 .

[10]  William J. Plant,et al.  Hydrodynamic modulation of short wind‐wave spectra by long waves and its measurement using microwave backscatter , 1994 .

[11]  W. Plant A relationship between wind stress and wave slope , 1982 .

[12]  W. W. Ho,et al.  Radiometric observations of sea temperature at 2.65 GHz over the Chesapeake Bay , 1977 .

[13]  H. Masuko,et al.  Measurement of microwave backscattering signatures of the ocean surface using X band and Ka band airborne scatterometers , 1986 .

[14]  William J. Plant,et al.  The dependence of X band microwave sea return on atmospheric stability and sea state , 1985 .

[15]  Peter Hoogeboom,et al.  A Discrepancy between Ground-Based and Airborne Radar Backscatter Measurements , 1982, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[16]  V. G. Irisov Small slope approximation for microwave polarimetric observation of the sea surface , 1994, Proceedings of IGARSS '94 - 1994 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.

[17]  G. Valenzuela Theories for the interaction of electromagnetic and oceanic waves — A review , 1978 .

[18]  W. Alpers,et al.  An improved composite surface model for the radar backscattering cross section of the ocean surface 1. Theory of the model and optimization/validation by scatterometer data , 1997 .

[19]  Werner Alpers,et al.  Airborne measurements of the ocean radar cross section at 5.3 GHz as a function of wind speed , 1986 .

[20]  J. Mitchell,et al.  Aircraft measurements of the microwave scattering signature of the ocean , 1977, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[21]  Jerome A. Smith,et al.  Removing wave effects from the wind stress vector , 1998 .

[22]  A. Chaudhry,et al.  Tower-based backscatter measurements of the sea , 1984 .

[23]  Fuk K. Li,et al.  The relationship between the microwave radar cross section and both wind speed and stress: Model function studies using Frontal Air-Sea Interaction Experiment data , 1994 .

[24]  John C. Daley,et al.  Radar Sea Return-JOSS I , 1971 .

[25]  W. Linwood Jones,et al.  Radar backscatter from the ocean: Dependence on surface friction velocity , 1978 .

[26]  William J. Plant,et al.  Bragg Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from the Air/Sea Interface , 1990 .

[27]  C. Prigent,et al.  New permittivity measurements of seawater , 1998 .

[28]  Alexey V. Kuzmin,et al.  The dependence of S-band sea surface brightness and temperature on wind vector at normal incidence , 1995, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[29]  K. Katsaros,et al.  A Unified Directional Spectrum for Long and Short Wind-Driven Waves , 1997 .

[30]  W. Large,et al.  Open Ocean Momentum Flux Measurements in Moderate to Strong Winds , 1981 .

[31]  J. Apel An improved model of the ocean surface wave vector spectrum and its effects on radar backscatter , 1994 .

[32]  M. Donelan,et al.  Radar scattering and equilibrium ranges in wind‐generated waves with application to scatterometry , 1987 .

[33]  W. C. Keller,et al.  Radar Backscatter Statistics From Water Waves , 1990, Conference Proceedings on Engineering in the Ocean Environment.

[34]  W. Plant A two-scale model of short wind-generated waves and scatterometry , 1986 .

[35]  William J. Plant,et al.  Cross sections and modulation transfer functions at L and K u bands measured during the Tower Ocean Wave and Radar Dependence Experiment , 1990 .

[36]  A. Stogryn,et al.  The apparent temperature of the sea at microwave frequencies , 1967 .

[37]  John C. Daley,et al.  Variation of the NRCS of the sea with increasing roughness , 1971 .

[38]  R. D. Chapman,et al.  The coherence of wind and radar data obtained during the Joint US-Russia Internal Wave Experiment , 1994, Proceedings of IGARSS '94 - 1994 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.

[39]  N. W. Guinard,et al.  An experimental study of a sea clutter model , 1970 .

[40]  W. L. Grantham,et al.  SASS measurements of the Ku -band radar signature of the ocean , 1982 .

[41]  V.S. Etkin,et al.  IR and microwave sea surface observations under calm weather conditions , 1992, [Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.

[42]  A. Fung,et al.  A semi-empirical sea-spectrum model for scattering coefficient estimation , 1982, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[43]  A. Fung,et al.  A noncoherent model for microwave emissions and backscattering from the sea surface , 1972 .

[44]  William J. Plant,et al.  Tower‐based measurements of normalized radar cross section from Lake Ontario: Evidence of wind stress dependence , 1995 .

[45]  V. S. Etkin,et al.  Radiothermal spectroscopy of the ocean surface , 1987 .

[46]  V. Irisov Small-slope expansion for thermal and reflected radiation from a rough surface , 1997 .

[47]  B. M. Lake,et al.  Microwave scattering from internal wave modulated surface waves: A shipboard real aperture coherent radar study in the Georgia Strait Experiment , 1988 .

[48]  Sean P. Burns,et al.  Measuring sea surface mean square slope with a 36-GHz scanning , 1998 .

[49]  J. Wright,et al.  Wind-generated gravity-capillary waves: laboratory measurements of temporal growth rates using microwave backscatter , 1975, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[50]  F. C. Jackson Comment on ‘Wind dependence of radar sea return’ by J. C. Daley , 1974 .

[51]  John C. Daley Wind dependence of radar sea return , 1973 .