Treatment of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B who have Failed Previous Antiviral Treatment with Pegylated Interferon α2a (40 kDa; PEGASYS®)

Background Although nucleot(s)ide analogues can effectively suppress hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication, many patients experience relapse of hepatitis after cessation of treatment. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of pegylated interferon α2a (PEG-IFN-α2a) in these difficult-to-treat patients. Methods Chronic hepatitis B patients who have received antiviral drugs for ≥12 months and stopped for ≥6 months were treated by 48-week PEG-IFN-α2a. Virological response was defined as HBV DNA <10,000 copies/ml and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion (for HBeAg-positive patients). Results A total of 40 patients, 29 HBeAg-positive and 11 HBeAg-negative, with median log10 HBV DNA 7.3 copies/ml and alanine aminotransferase 110 IU/ml were studied. The last antiviral treatment was given for 92 +61 weeks and stopped for 176 +88 weeks. At the end of treatment, 22 (12 HBeAg-positive and 10 HBeAg-negative; 55%) patients had virological response and 16 (7 HBeAg-positive and 9 HBeAg-negative; 40%) patients had undetectable HBV DNA (<100 copies/ml). At 24 weeks post-treatment, 14 (8 HBeAg-positive and 6 HBeAg-negative; 35%) patients had virological response and 9 (5 HBeAg-positive and 4 HBeAg-negative; 23%) patients had undetectable HBV DNA. Two (5%) patients had lost hepatitis B surface antigen. HBV DNA levels at week 24 best predicted sustained virological response (area under curve 0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.60–0.92, P=0.007). At HBV DNA cutoffs of 3 logs and 5 logs at week 24, the sensitivity/specificity for sustained virological response were 50%/85% and 86%/62%, respectively. Conclusions PEG-IFN-α2a was effective in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B patients who have failed previous antiviral treatment.