Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

OBJECTIVE The inflammatory subtype of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, is becoming one of the most important causes of chronic liver disease. In this article, we discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical and radiologic diagnosis of the subtypes of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. CONCLUSION We discuss the current and evolving imaging tests in the evaluation of hepatic fatty content, inflammation, and fibrosis.

[1]  A. McLaughlin,et al.  Double-quantum-filtered 23Na NMR study of intracellular sodium in the perfused liver. , 1994, Biophysical journal.

[2]  R S Balaban,et al.  Magnetization transfer imaging: practical aspects and clinical applications. , 1994, Radiology.

[3]  Z. Gao,et al.  Quantitative Diagnosis of Fatty Liver With Dual-Energy CT , 2003 .

[4]  Sukru Mehmet Erturk,et al.  Computed Tomography Features of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis With Histopathologic Correlation , 2006, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[5]  H. Kawai,et al.  Diffusion-weighted imaging of the liver: technical challenges and prospects for the future. , 2005, Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

[6]  Randall G. Lee,et al.  Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a study of 49 patients. , 1989, Human pathology.

[7]  Claude B Sirlin,et al.  Liver fibrosis: noninvasive diagnosis with double contrast material-enhanced MR imaging. , 2006, Radiology.

[8]  I. Yamada,et al.  Diffusion coefficients in abdominal organs and hepatic lesions: evaluation with intravoxel incoherent motion echo-planar MR imaging. , 1999, Radiology.

[9]  W A Murphy,et al.  Fatty infiltration of the liver: demonstration by proton spectroscopic imaging. Preliminary observations. , 1984, Radiology.

[10]  Isamu Ohashi,et al.  Apparent diffusion coefficient measurements with diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of hepatic fibrosis , 2005, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[11]  D. Sautereau,et al.  Dual-energy CT in the diagnosis and quantification of fatty liver: limited clinical value in comparison to ultrasound scan and single-energy CT, with special reference to iron overload. , 1998, Journal of hepatology.

[12]  E. A. Carter,et al.  Proton chemical shift imaging: an evaluation of its clinical potential using an in vivo fatty liver model. , 1985, Radiology.

[13]  F. Schick,et al.  Hepatic lipid accumulation in healthy subjects: A comparative study using spectral fat‐selective MRI and volume‐localized 1H‐MR spectroscopy , 2006, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[14]  M. Graif,et al.  Quantitative estimation of attenuation in ultrasound video images: correlation with histology in diffuse liver disease. , 2000, Investigative radiology.

[15]  H. Cortez‐Pinto,et al.  Alterations in liver ATP homeostasis in human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study. , 1999, JAMA.

[16]  Brian P. Mulhall,et al.  Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis , 2004, Current treatment options in gastroenterology.

[17]  A. Sanyal,et al.  AGA technical review on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. , 2002, Gastroenterology.

[18]  R. Buxton,et al.  Fatty infiltration of the liver: quantification with phase-contrast MR imaging at 1.5 T vs biopsy. , 1991, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[19]  Andrew C Larson,et al.  Multishot Diffusion-Weighted PROPELLER Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Abdomen , 2006, Investigative radiology.

[20]  H. Thomas,et al.  Non-invasive evaluation of hepatic fibrosis using magnetic resonance and ultrasound techniques. , 2006, Gut.

[21]  Antonin Skoch,et al.  Etiology and functional status of liver cirrhosis by 31P MR spectroscopy. , 2005, World journal of gastroenterology.

[22]  H. Hussain,et al.  Hepatic fat fraction: MR imaging for quantitative measurement and display--early experience. , 2005, Radiology.

[23]  C. Thomsen,et al.  Quantification of liver fat using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. , 1994, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[24]  M. Iborra,et al.  Safe and effective application of anti-TNF-α in a patient infected with HIV and concomitant Crohn’s disease , 2006, Gut.

[25]  R. Hanson,et al.  The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A follow‐up study of forty‐two patients for up to 21 years , 1990, Hepatology.

[26]  S. Caldwell,et al.  The spectrum expanded: cryptogenic cirrhosis and the natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. , 2004, Journal of hepatology.

[27]  N. Sanford,et al.  Is ultrasonography useful in the assessment of diffuse parenchymal liver disease? , 1985, Gastroenterology.

[28]  T. Ichikawa,et al.  Diffusion-weighted MR imaging with a single-shot echoplanar sequence: detection and characterization of focal hepatic lesions. , 1998, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[29]  C. Day Nash-related liver failure: one hit too many? , 2002, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[30]  W. T. Dixon Simple proton spectroscopic imaging. , 1984, Radiology.

[31]  A. Burt,et al.  Diagnosis and interpretation of steatosis and steatohepatitis. , 1998, Seminars in diagnostic pathology.

[32]  Mark Fishbein,et al.  Hepatic MRI for Fat Quantitation: Its Relationship to Fat Morphology, Diagnosis, and Ultrasound , 2005, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[33]  R. Baggott DISEASE , 1947, Social Policy & Administration.

[34]  Maria de Fátima Haueisen Sander Diniz,et al.  Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Improves the Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) of Morbid Obesity , 2006, Obesity surgery.

[35]  G Bodemar,et al.  Increased liver echogenicity at ultrasound examination reflects degree of steatosis but not of fibrosis in asymptomatic patients with mild/moderate abnormalities of liver transaminases. , 2002, Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver.

[36]  I. Wanless,et al.  Fatty liver hepatitis (steatohepatitis) and obesity: An autopsy study with analysis of risk factors , 1990, Hepatology.

[37]  D. Mitchell,et al.  Fatty Liver: Chemical Shift Phas and Suppression Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques in Animals, Phantoms, and Humans , 1991 .

[38]  A. Burke,et al.  Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Non‐Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Orthotopic Liver Transplantation , 2004, American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.

[39]  R. E. Hendrick,et al.  Diagnosis of fatty infiltration of the liver on contrast enhanced CT: limitations of liver-minus-spleen attenuation difference measurements , 1998, Abdominal Imaging.

[40]  K. C. Hong,et al.  Chronic hepatitis: in vivo proton MR spectroscopic evaluation of the liver and correlation with histopathologic findings. , 2001, Radiology.

[41]  Panagiotis Samaras,et al.  Real-time elastography for noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis. , 2007, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[42]  Jean-Luc Daire,et al.  Evaluation of liver diffusion isotropy and characterization of focal hepatic lesions with two single-shot echo-planar MR imaging sequences: prospective study in 66 patients. , 2003, Radiology.

[43]  T. Ichikawa,et al.  Diffusion-weighted MR imaging with single-shot echo-planar imaging in the upper abdomen: preliminary clinical experience in 61 patients , 1999, Abdominal Imaging.

[44]  D. Menon,et al.  Effect of functional grade and etiology on in vivo hepatic phosphorus‐31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in cirrhosis: Biochemical basis of spectral appearances , 1995, Hepatology.

[45]  Richard L Ehman,et al.  MR elastography of the liver: preliminary results. , 2006, Radiology.

[46]  C. Tiribelli,et al.  Proton MR spectroscopy in quantitative in vivo determination of fat content in human liver steatosis , 1995, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[47]  S. Seki,et al.  Usefulness of noninvasive transient elastography for assessment of liver fibrosis stage in chronic hepatitis C. , 2006, World journal of gastroenterology.

[48]  B. Wang,et al.  Quantitative diagnosis of fatty liver with dual-energy CT: An experimental study in rabbits , 2003, Acta radiologica.

[49]  D. Capron,et al.  Noninvasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis by ultrasonic transient elastography (Fibroscan) , 2006, European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology.

[50]  M. Bennett,et al.  The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver: A follow‐up study , 1995, Hepatology.

[51]  B. V. Van Beers,et al.  Liver fibrosis: non‐invasive assessment with MR elastography , 2006, NMR in biomedicine.

[52]  Tetsuya Kaneko,et al.  Earlier hepatic vein transit-time measured by contrast ultrasonography reflects intrahepatic hemodynamic changes accompanying cirrhosis. , 2002, Journal of hepatology.

[53]  R. Buist,et al.  Hepatic 31P MRS in rat models of chronic liver disease: assessing the extent and progression of disease , 2003, Gut.

[54]  D. Mitchell,et al.  Fatty liver. Chemical shift phase-difference and suppression magnetic resonance imaging techniques in animals, phantoms, and humans. , 1991, Investigative radiology.

[55]  K. Jaskiewicz,et al.  Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Treated by Gastroplasty , 2006, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[56]  M Takahashi,et al.  Focal liver masses: characterization with diffusion-weighted echo-planar MR imaging. , 1997, Radiology.

[57]  Z. Younossi,et al.  Chronic hepatitis C and superimposed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. , 2001, Liver.

[58]  A. Sherry,et al.  Multiple quantum filtered 23Na NMR spectroscopy of the isolated, perfused rat liver , 1999, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[59]  B. Siewert,et al.  Abdominal diffusion mapping with use of a whole-body echo-planar system. , 1994, Radiology.

[60]  K. Hirata,et al.  Assessment of liver fibrosis by a noninvasive method of transient elastography and biochemical markers. , 2006, World journal of gastroenterology.

[61]  Benjamin M Yeh,et al.  Accuracy of liver fat quantification at MR imaging: comparison of out-of-phase gradient-echo and fat-saturated fast spin-echo techniques--initial experience. , 2005, Radiology.

[62]  K. Flegal,et al.  Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. , 2002, JAMA.

[63]  A Karellas,et al.  Value of dual-energy CT in differentiating focal fatty infiltration of the liver from low-density masses. , 1991, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[64]  V. de Lédinghen,et al.  Diagnosis of cirrhosis by transient elastography (FibroScan): a prospective study , 2005, Gut.

[65]  J. Ludwig,et al.  Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. , 1980, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[66]  K. Batts,et al.  Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis , 1999, Hepatology.

[67]  J. Hoofnagle,et al.  A pilot study of pioglitazone treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis , 2004, Hepatology.

[68]  R. N. Macsween,et al.  Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a common cause of progressive chronic liver injury? , 2002, Journal of clinical pathology.

[69]  A. Aisen,et al.  Detection of liver fibrosis with magnetic cross‐relaxation , 1994, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[70]  Randall G. Lee,et al.  Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Tightening the morphological screws on a hepatic rambler , 1995, Hepatology.

[71]  P. Schmalbrock,et al.  Introduction of fast MR imaging in the assessment of hepatic steatosis. , 1995, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[72]  Kenichi Kobayashi,et al.  Clinicopathologic study of alcohol-like liver disease in non-alcoholics; non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis , 1992, Gastroenterologia Japonica.

[73]  B. Neuschwander‐Tetri,et al.  Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Summary of an AASLD Single Topic Conference , 2003, Hepatology.

[74]  S. Toikkanen,et al.  MR and magnetisation transfer imaging in cirrhotic and fatty livers , 1998, Acta radiologica.

[75]  Yu-Ting Kuo,et al.  Can Doppler sonography grade the severity of hepatitis C-related liver disease? , 2005, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[76]  Erick M Remer,et al.  The utility of radiological imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. , 2002, Gastroenterology.

[77]  Jimmy D Bell,et al.  In vivo and in vitro hepatic 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron microscopy of the cirrhotic liver. , 2008, Liver.

[78]  C. Langlotz,et al.  Diagnostic criteria for fatty infiltration of the liver on contrast-enhanced helical CT. , 1998, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[79]  J. Chen,et al.  Magnetization transfer contrast imaging of liver cirrhosis. , 1999, Hepato-gastroenterology.