The Effect of Kinetic Properties on Statistical Variations of Ultrasound Signals Backscattered from Flowing Blood

Yet very little is known about the effect of "black hole" (BH) phenomenon on backscattering signal statistics under the laminar flow. To further explore this issue, measurements were performed from the porcine blood (with hematocrits of 20 and 50%) circulating in a mock flow loop under various steady flows at velocities ranged from 15 to 122 mm/s using a 10 MHz ultrasonic transducer. Results showed that the BH was apparent for the 50% blood flowing at a low velocity. The BH tended to be decreased with the increase of flow velocity and that it was hardly observed from the 20% blood. The probability density function of signals backscattered from blood tended to distribute as pre-Rayleigh statistics and the Nakagami parameter was less than 1. The spatial distribution of red cell aggregation in the flow tube is a predominant factor leading to statistical variations of ultrasonic backscattering in the flowing blood.

[1]  Shyh-Hau Wang,et al.  In Vitro Study on Assessment of Blood Coagulation and Clot Formation Using Doppler Ultrasound , 2005 .

[2]  Shyh-Hau Wang,et al.  The Effect of Kinetic Properties on Statistical Variations of Ultrasound Signals Backscattered from Flowing Blood , 2007, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[3]  K.K. Shung,et al.  In vivo measurements of ultrasonic backscattering in blood , 2001, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[4]  K. Shung,et al.  Echoicity of whole blood. , 1989, Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

[5]  P. Tsui,et al.  The effect of transducer characteristics on the estimation of Nakagami paramater as a function of scatterer concentration. , 2004, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[6]  Shyh-Hau Wang,et al.  Detection of coagulating blood under steady flow by statistical analysis of backscattered signals , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[7]  Shyh-Hau Wang,et al.  The effect of logarithmic compression on estimation of the Nakagami parameter for ultrasonic tissue characterization: a simulation study. , 2005, Physics in medicine and biology.

[8]  P. Shankar A general statistical model for ultrasonic backscattering from tissues , 2000 .

[9]  R. Cobbold,et al.  Aggregation effects in whole blood: influence of time and shear rate measured using ultrasound. , 1994, Biorheology.

[10]  J. Greenleaf,et al.  Ultrasound Echo Envelope Analysis Using a Homodyned K Distribution Signal Model , 1994 .

[11]  M. Srinivasan,et al.  Statistics of envelope of high-frequency ultrasonic backscatter from human skin in vivo , 2002, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[12]  K. Shung,et al.  The "black hole" phenomenon in ultrasonic backscattering measurement under pulsatile flow with porcine whole blood in a rigid tube. , 2001, Biorheology.

[13]  K. Shung,et al.  Ultrasonic backscatter from flowing whole blood. I: Dependence on shear rate and hematocrit. , 1988, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[14]  G Cloutier,et al.  Ultrasound backscattering from non-aggregating and aggregating erythrocytes--a review. , 1997, Biorheology.

[15]  P M Shankar,et al.  A model for ultrasonic scattering from tissues based on the K distribution. , 1995, Physics in medicine and biology.

[16]  K. Shung,et al.  An approach for measuring ultrasonic backscattering from biological tissues with focused transducers , 1997, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[17]  G. Cloutier,et al.  The effects of hematocrit, shear rate, and turbulence on ultrasonic Doppler spectrum from blood , 1992, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[18]  J. S. Lee,et al.  A linear relation between the compressibility and density of blood. , 2001, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[19]  J. Jensen Estimation of Blood Velocities Using Ultrasound: A Signal Processing Approach , 1996 .

[20]  K.K. Shung,et al.  An in vitro study of the effects of Doppler angle, fibrinogen, and hematocrit on ultrasonic Doppler power , 1999, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[21]  K. Kirk Shung,et al.  Ultrasound: An Unexplored Tool for Blood Flow Visualization and Hemodynamic Measurements , 2003 .

[22]  G. Cloutier,et al.  Kinetics of the "black hole" phenomenon in ultrasound backscattering measurements with red blood cell aggregation. , 1998, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[23]  R. Cobbold,et al.  Non-newtonian behavior of whole blood in a large diameter tube. , 1991, Biorheology.

[24]  P. Shankar,et al.  Ultrasound speckle analysis based on the K distribution. , 1991, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.