RF CMOS comes of age

All-CMOS radio transceivers and systems-on-a-chip are rapidly making inroads on a wireless market that for years was dominated by bipolar and BiCMOS solutions. It is not a matter of replacing bipolar transistors in known circuit topologies with FETs; the wave of RF CMOS brings with it new architectures and unprecedented levels of integration. What are its origins? What is the commercial impact? How will RF CMOS evolve in the future? This paper offers a retrospective and a perspective.

[1]  A.J. Leeuwenburgh,et al.  A 1.9GHz fully integrated CMOS DECT transceiver , 2003, 2003 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2003. Digest of Technical Papers. ISSCC..

[2]  Li Lin,et al.  A 1.75 GHz highly-integrated narrow-band CMOS transmitter with harmonic-rejection mixers , 2001, 2001 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. ISSCC (Cat. No.01CH37177).

[3]  Richard Schreier,et al.  Bandpass sigma-delta analog-to-digital conversion , 1991 .

[4]  Walter H. W. Tuttlebee Advances in software defined radio , 2002, Ann. des Télécommunications.

[5]  Asad A. Abidi,et al.  A 900 MHz dual conversion low-IF GSM receiver in 0.35 μm CMOS , 2001 .

[6]  Ali Hajimiri,et al.  A general theory of phase noise in electrical oscillators , 1998 .

[7]  T. Kadoyama,et al.  A complete single-chip GPS receiver with 1.6-V 24-mW radio in 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS , 2003, 2003 Symposium on VLSI Circuits. Digest of Technical Papers (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37408).

[8]  M. Steyaert,et al.  A CMOS 1.8 GHz low-phase-noise voltage-controlled oscillator with prescaler , 1995, Proceedings ISSCC '95 - International Solid-State Circuits Conference.

[9]  Gabriel M. Rebeiz RF MEMS: Theory, Design and Technology , 2003 .

[10]  A. A. Abidi,et al.  General relations between IP2, IP3, and offsets in differential circuits and the effects of feedback , 2003 .

[11]  Michiel Steyaert,et al.  Low-IF topologies for high-performance analog front ends of fully integrated receivers , 1998 .

[12]  A.A. Abidi,et al.  Design of spiral inductors on silicon substrates with a fast simulator , 1998, Proceedings of the 24th European Solid-State Circuits Conference.

[13]  H. Chireix High Power Outphasing Modulation , 1935, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers.

[14]  M. Conta,et al.  A 27 mW GPS radio in 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.02CH37315).

[15]  B. Song CMOS RF circuits for data communications applications , 1986 .

[16]  A. Abidi,et al.  Physical processes of phase noise in differential LC oscillators , 2000, Proceedings of the IEEE 2000 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (Cat. No.00CH37044).

[17]  Paul R. Gray,et al.  A 1.9-GHz, 1-W CMOS class-E power amplifier for wireless communications , 1999 .

[18]  A. Hairapetian,et al.  An 81 MHz IF receiver in CMOS , 1996, 1996 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of TEchnical Papers, ISSCC.

[19]  A. Roithmeier,et al.  An adaptive 2.4 GHz low-IF receiver in 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS for wideband wireless LAN , 2000, 2000 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.00CH37056).

[20]  T. Morimoto,et al.  A 20 mA-receive 55 mA-transmit GSM transceiver in 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS , 1999, 1999 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. ISSCC. First Edition (Cat. No.99CH36278).

[21]  A. Rofougaran,et al.  A CMOS channel-select filter for a direct-conversion wireless receiver , 1996, 1996 Symposium on VLSI Circuits. Digest of Technical Papers.

[22]  Didier Belot,et al.  A Bluetooth radio in 0.18 μm CMOS , 2002 .

[23]  S. Jantzi,et al.  A quadrature bandpass /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator for digital radio , 1997, 1997 IEEE International Solids-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers.

[24]  A. Wedel,et al.  An interpolative bandpass converter on a 1.2- mu m BiCMOS analog/digital array , 1993 .

[25]  A. Rofougaran,et al.  A Highly Linear 1-GHz CMOS Downconversion Mixer , 1993, ESSCIRC '93: Nineteenth European Solid-State Circuits Conference.

[26]  A. Abidi,et al.  A 900 MHz dual conversion low-IF GSM receiver in 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS , 2001, 2001 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. ISSCC (Cat. No.01CH37177).

[27]  E. Hegazi,et al.  23.4 A Filtering Technique to Lower Oscillator Phase Noise , 2008 .

[28]  F. Murden,et al.  A new paradigm for base station receivers: high IF sampling + digital filtering , 1997, 1997 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium. Digest of Technical Papers.

[29]  Earl W. McCune,et al.  EDGE transmitter alternative using nonlinear polar modulation , 2003, Proceedings of the 2003 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2003. ISCAS '03..

[30]  E. Hegazi,et al.  A 17 mW transmitter and frequency synthesizer for 900 MHz GSM fully integrated in 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS , 2002, 2002 Symposium on VLSI Circuits. Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.02CH37302).

[31]  T. Endo,et al.  A 2.7 V GSM RF transceiver IC , 1997, 1997 IEEE International Solids-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers.

[32]  Asad A. Abidi,et al.  RF-CMOS oscillators with switched tuning , 1998, Proceedings of the IEEE 1998 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (Cat. No.98CH36143).

[33]  K. Muhammad,et al.  A discrete-time Bluetooth receiver in a 0.13/spl mu/m digital CMOS process , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37519).

[34]  David R. Cox,et al.  Linear Amplification with Nonlinear Components , 1974, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[35]  S. Mattisson,et al.  Architecture and technology for multistandard transceivers , 2001, Proceedings of the 2001 BIPOLAR/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting (Cat. No.01CH37212).

[36]  Rodney G. Vaughan,et al.  The theory of bandpass sampling , 1991, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[37]  W.H.W. Tuttlebee Advancesin software-defined radio , 2003 .

[38]  M. Zargari,et al.  A 5 GHz CMOS transceiver for IEEE 802.11a wireless LAN , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.02CH37315).

[39]  A. Rofougaran,et al.  A 900 MHz CMOS LC-oscillator with quadrature outputs , 1996, 1996 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of TEchnical Papers, ISSCC.

[40]  C. Yue,et al.  On-chip Spiral Inductors With Patterned Ground Shields For Si-based RF IC's , 1997, Symposium 1997 on VLSI Circuits.

[41]  Poras T. Balsara,et al.  A first digitally-controlled oscillator in a deep-submicron CMOS process for multi-GHz wireless applications , 2003, IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, 2003.

[42]  P.R. Gray,et al.  A 1.9GHz 1W CMOS class E power amplifier for wireless communications , 1999, Proceedings of the 24th European Solid-State Circuits Conference.

[43]  A. Behzad,et al.  Direct-conversion CMOS transceiver with automatic frequency control for 802.11a wireless LANs , 2003, 2003 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2003. Digest of Technical Papers. ISSCC..

[44]  J.C. Leete,et al.  A 2.4 GHz CMOS transceiver for Bluetooth , 2001, 2001 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. ISSCC (Cat. No.01CH37177).

[45]  B. Razavi,et al.  A 900 MHz/1.8 GHz CMOS receiver for dual band applications , 1998, 1998 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers, ISSCC. First Edition (Cat. No.98CH36156).

[46]  M. Ingels,et al.  A fully-integrated single-chip SOC for Bluetooth , 2001, 2001 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. ISSCC (Cat. No.01CH37177).

[47]  H. Samavati,et al.  A 115 mW CMOS GPS receiver , 1998, 1998 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers, ISSCC. First Edition (Cat. No.98CH36156).

[48]  Michiel Steyaert,et al.  A 1.8-GHz low-phase-noise CMOS VCO using optimized hollow spiral inductors , 1997, IEEE J. Solid State Circuits.

[49]  A. Abidi Direct-conversion radio transceivers for digital communications , 1995, Proceedings ISSCC '95 - International Solid-State Circuits Conference.

[50]  T. Lee,et al.  A 1.5 V, 1.5 GHz CMOS low noise amplifier , 1996 .

[51]  T. Riley,et al.  Delta-sigma modulation in fractional-N frequency synthesis , 1993 .

[52]  M. Steyaert,et al.  A 2-V CMOS cellular transceiver front-end , 2000, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[53]  A. Ismail,et al.  CMOS differential LC oscillator with suppressed up-converted flicker noise , 2003, 2003 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2003. Digest of Technical Papers. ISSCC..

[54]  G. Chien,et al.  A 1.9 GHz wide-band IF double conversion CMOS integrated receiver for cordless telephone applications , 1997, 1997 IEEE International Solids-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers.

[55]  J. Crois,et al.  A fully integrated 900 MHz CMOS double quadrature downconverter , 1995, Proceedings ISSCC '95 - International Solid-State Circuits Conference.

[56]  H.R. Rategh,et al.  A fully-integrated 5 GHz CMOS wireless-LAN receiver , 2001, 2001 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. ISSCC (Cat. No.01CH37177).

[57]  K. S. Kundert,et al.  Introduction to RF simulation and its application , 1998, Proceedings of the 1998 Bipolar/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36198).

[58]  Sven Mattisson,et al.  Low-power considerations in the design of Bluetooth , 2000, ISLPED'00: Proceedings of the 2000 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (Cat. No.00TH8514).

[59]  M. Steyaert,et al.  An analog integrated polyphase filter for a high performance low-IF receiver , 1995, Digest of Technical Papers., Symposium on VLSI Circuits..

[60]  M. Steyaert,et al.  Low supply voltage fully integrated CMOS VCO with three terminals spiral inductor , 1999, Proceedings of the 25th European Solid-State Circuits Conference.

[61]  R. Castello,et al.  A metal-oxide-semiconductor varactor , 1999, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[62]  G. Troster,et al.  An interpolative bandpass converter on a 1.2 mu m BiCMOS analog/digital array , 1992, 1992 Symposium on VLSI Circuits Digest of Technical Papers.

[63]  A. Rofougaran,et al.  The future of CMOS wireless transceivers , 1997, 1997 IEEE International Solids-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers.

[64]  A. Rofougaran,et al.  A 1 GHz CMOS RF Front-End IC with Wide Dynamic Range , 1995, ESSCIRC '95: Twenty-first European Solid-State Circuits Conference.

[65]  A.A. Abidi,et al.  CMOS 10 MHz-IF downconverter with on-chip broadband circuit for large image-suppression , 1999, 1999 Symposium on VLSI Circuits. Digest of Papers (IEEE Cat. No.99CH36326).

[66]  A. Abidi,et al.  Large suspended inductors on silicon and their use in a 2- mu m CMOS RF amplifier , 1993, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[67]  Shan Jiang,et al.  A dual mode 802.11b/Bluetooth radio in 0.35μm CMOS , 2003 .