Hydrogen production from ethanol reforming: Catalysts and reaction mechanism

Hydrogen production from ethanol is regarded as a promising way for energy sustainable development, which is undergoing an explosive growth over the last decade. Besides operating conditions, hydrogen yield greatly dependent on the nature of metal and the support selected. To date, Rh based catalysts proved to be the most active systems due to the fact that Rh possessed the greatest capacity toward C–C bond cleavage. Support also played a critical role in terms of hydrogen selectivity and stability. MgO, CeO2 and La2O3 etc were evidenced as suitable supports because of their basic characteristic and/or redox capacity. A detailed analysis based on the spectroscopic technique revealed that reaction pathways proceeded along a mono-functional or bi-functional mechanism according to the types of active metal and support. Ethanol dehydrogenation and/or dehydration reaction mainly occurred on the support, and the diffusion/transformation of the intermediates took place at the metal–support interface. Meanwhile, active metal accelerated the decomposition reaction. The observed catalyst deactivation was normally assigned to the coke formation, active metal sintering and/or oxidation as well as the impurity in crude bio-ethanol. Hence, the scope of this review is to address the present progress in ethanol reforming for hydrogen production including catalyst development and the analysis of the reaction mechanism and kinetics in order to shed light on the design of high efficient catalyst systems and the fundamental understanding of ethanol conversion at the molecular level.

[1]  Tingting Zheng,et al.  Precious metal-support interaction in automotive exhaust catalysts , 2014 .

[2]  Hao Yu,et al.  Efficient and stable oxidative steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production: Effect of in situ dispersion of Ir over Ir/La2O3 , 2010 .

[3]  H. Idriss.  Ethanol Reactions over the Surfaces of Noble Metal/Cerium Oxide Catalysts , 2004, Platinum Metals Review.

[4]  G. Özkan,et al.  Active carbon-supported Ni, Ni/Cu and Ni/Cu/Pd catalysed steam reforming of ethanol for the production of hydrogen , 2011 .

[5]  S. Sokolov,et al.  Support effects on the properties of Co and Ni catalysts for the hydrogen production from bio-ethanol partial oxidation , 2013 .

[6]  Cristiano Varrone,et al.  Vegetable waste as substrate and source of suitable microflora for bio-hydrogen production , 2014 .

[7]  D. Kunzru,et al.  Steam reforming of ethanol for production of hydrogen over Ni/CeO2–ZrO2 catalyst: Effect of support and metal loading , 2007 .

[8]  Wenjie Shen,et al.  Hydrogen production from steam reforming of ethanol and glycerol over ceria-supported metal catalysts , 2007 .

[9]  M. Laborde,et al.  Ethanol steam reforming on Ni/Al2O3 catalysts: Effect of Mg addition , 2008 .

[10]  G. Bonura,et al.  Potassium improved stability of Ni/MgO in the steam reforming of ethanol for the production of hydrogen for MCFC , 2004 .

[11]  M. Engelhard,et al.  The effect of zinc addition on the oxidation state of cobalt in Co/ZrO2 catalysts. , 2011, ChemSusChem.

[12]  Hao Yu,et al.  Effect of calcium dopant on catalysis of Ir/La2O3 for hydrogen production by oxidative steam reforming of glycerol , 2012 .

[13]  D. Duprez,et al.  Bioethanol reforming for H2 production. A comparison with hydrocarbon reforming , 2010 .

[14]  V. Palma,et al.  On the activity of bimetallic catalysts for ethanol steam reforming , 2013 .

[15]  A. Veen,et al.  Autothermal reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production over an Rh/CeO2 catalyst , 2008 .

[16]  Dennis Y.C. Leung,et al.  A review on hydrogen production using aluminum and aluminum alloys , 2009 .

[17]  D. Borio,et al.  Ethanol steam reforming for hydrogen generation over structured catalysts , 2013 .

[18]  G. Jacobs,et al.  Production of hydrogen from ethanol: review of reaction mechanism and catalyst deactivation. , 2012, Chemical reviews.

[19]  A. Yoshida,et al.  Aqueous phase reforming of ethanol and acetic acid over TiO2 supported Ru catalysts , 2014 .

[20]  Jenghan Wang,et al.  Mechanism of Ethanol Reforming: Theoretical Foundations , 2009 .

[21]  Yong Qin,et al.  Steam reforming of ethanol over Co3O4/CeO2 catalysts prepared by different methods , 2007 .

[22]  Z. Önsan.  Catalytic Processes for Clean Hydrogen Production from Hydrocarbons , 2007 .

[23]  Yu-Chie Chen,et al.  The effect of the morphology of nanocrystalline CeO2 on ethanol reforming , 2007 .

[24]  Misook Kang,et al.  Hydrogen rich production by ethanol steam reforming reaction over Mn/Co10Si90MCM-48 catalysts , 2014 .

[25]  M. Engelhard,et al.  Catalytic roles of Co0 and Co2+ during steam reforming of ethanol on Co/MgO catalysts , 2011 .

[26]  Hong Li,et al.  H2 production from stable ethanol steam reforming over catalyst of NiO based on flowerlike CeO2 microspheres , 2010 .

[27]  Wenjie Shen,et al.  Synthesis and Characterization of Ag−Hollandite Nanofibers and Its Catalytic Application in Ethanol Oxidation , 2007 .

[28]  Jingyu Xi,et al.  Steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production over NiO/ZnO/ZrO2 catalysts , 2008 .

[29]  Jenghan Wang,et al.  Oxidative steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production on M/Al 2 O 3 , 2012 .

[30]  S. J. Morrison,et al.  The reactions of ethanol over M/CeO2 catalysts: Evidence of carbon–carbon bond dissociation at low temperatures over Rh/CeO2 , 2000 .

[31]  Valerie Dupont,et al.  Hydrogen production from simple alkanes and oxygenated hydrocarbons over ceria–zirconia supported catalysts: Review , 2014 .

[32]  N. Homs,et al.  Use of biofuels to produce hydrogen (reformation processes). , 2008, Chemical Society reviews.

[33]  V. Palma,et al.  CeO2-supported Pt/Ni catalyst for the renewable and clean H2 production via ethanol steam reforming , 2014 .

[34]  E. Gucciardi,et al.  Ethanol and dimethyl ether steam reforming on Rh/Al2O3 catalysts for high-temperature fuel-cell feeds , 2011 .

[35]  F. Gracia,et al.  Steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production: Thermodynamic analysis including different carbon deposits representation , 2010 .

[36]  V. Palma,et al.  Catalytic Activity of Ceo2 Supported Pt-ni and Pt-co Catalysts in the Low Temperature Bio-ethanol Steam Reforming , 2011 .

[37]  Chunshan Song,et al.  Advances in catalysis and processes for hydrogen production from ethanol reforming , 2007 .

[38]  C. Yeh,et al.  Pathways of ethanol steam reforming over ceria-supported catalysts , 2012 .

[39]  D. Kunzru,et al.  Steam Reforming of Ethanol in a Microchannel Reactor: Kinetic Study and Reactor Simulation , 2011 .

[40]  J. Fierro,et al.  Oxidative steam-reforming of ethanol over Co/SiO2, Co–Rh/SiO2 and Co–Ru/SiO2 catalysts: Catalytic behavior and deactivation/regeneration processes , 2008 .

[41]  Zili Wu,et al.  Surface structure dependence of selective oxidation of ethanol on faceted CeO2 nanocrystals , 2013 .

[42]  Zahira Yaakob,et al.  Steam-reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production , 2011 .

[43]  Rashmi Chaubey,et al.  A review on development of industrial processes and emerging techniques for production of hydrogen from renewable and sustainable sources , 2013 .

[44]  F. B. Noronha,et al.  Cobalt particle size effects on catalytic performance for ethanol steam reforming – Smaller is better , 2014 .

[45]  Y. Schuurman,et al.  From mechanistic to kinetic analyses of ethanol steam reforming over Ir/CeO2 catalyst , 2014 .

[46]  J. Hanson,et al.  High activity of Ce(1-x)Ni(x)O(2-y) for H(2) production through ethanol steam reforming: tuning catalytic performance through metal-oxide interactions. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[47]  L. Hong,et al.  Effect of calcium addition on catalytic ethanol steam reforming of Ni/Al2O3: II. Acidity/basicity, water adsorption and catalytic activity , 2011 .

[48]  S. Tuti,et al.  On the Catalytic Activity of Cobalt Oxide for the Steam Reforming of Ethanol , 2008 .

[49]  A. Kiennemann,et al.  Comparative study of H2 production by ethanol steam reforming on Ce2Zr1.5Co0.5O8−δ and Ce2Zr1.5Co0.47Rh0.07O8−δ: Evidence of the Rh role on the deactivation process , 2008 .

[50]  Vincenza Calabrò,et al.  Pd-based membrane reactors for producing ultra pure hydrogen: Oxidative reforming of bio-ethanol , 2013 .

[51]  M. Barteau,et al.  Selectivity and mechanism shifts in the reactions of acetaldehyde on oxidized and reduced TiO2(001) surfaces , 1996 .

[52]  Claude Mirodatos,et al.  Ethanol oxidative steam reforming over Ni-based catalysts , 2005 .

[53]  Hong Li,et al.  Mesoscale organization of nearly monodisperse flowerlike ceria microspheres. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[54]  C. Mirodatos,et al.  On-board hydrogen production in a hybrid electric vehicle by bio-ethanol oxidative steam reforming over Ni and noble metal based catalysts , 2003 .

[55]  Ahmed Aboudheir,et al.  Kinetic modeling of hydrogen production by the catalytic reforming of crude ethanol over a co-precipitated Ni-Al2O3 catalyst in a packed bed tubular reactor , 2006 .

[56]  D. King,et al.  Deactivation Studies of Rh/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 Catalysts in Low Temperature Ethanol Steam Reforming , 2007 .

[57]  Yu Guo,et al.  Steam reforming reactions over a metal-monolithic anodic alumina-supported Ni catalyst with trace am , 2011 .

[58]  P. Fornasiero,et al.  Hydrogen production from ethanol steam reforming on M/CeO2/YSZ (M = Ru, Pd, Ag) nanocomposites , 2012 .

[59]  Wenjie Shen,et al.  Hydrogen production by oxidative steam reforming of ethanol over an Ir/CeO2 catalyst , 2007 .

[60]  K. Hermansson,et al.  Atomic and electronic structure of unreduced and reduced CeO2 surfaces: a first-principles study. , 2004, The Journal of chemical physics.

[61]  Y. Matsumura,et al.  Catalytic steam reforming of ethanol to produce hydrogen and acetone , 2005 .

[62]  N. Homs,et al.  Hydrogen production from oxidative steam reforming of bio-butanol over CoIr-based catalysts: effect of the support. , 2013, Bioresource technology.

[63]  Suttichai Assabumrungrat,et al.  Effect of high surface area CeO2 and Ce-ZrO2 supports over Ni catalyst on CH4 reforming with H2O in the presence of O2, H2, and CO2 , 2008 .

[64]  A. Chica,et al.  Co/ZnO and Ni/ZnO catalysts for hydrogen production by bioethanol steam reforming. Influence of ZnO support morphology on the catalytic properties of Co and Ni active phases , 2010 .

[65]  Daniel Duprez,et al.  Bio-ethanol catalytic steam reforming over supported metal catalysts , 2002 .

[66]  Xun Hu,et al.  Inhibition of methane formation in steam reforming reactions through modification of Ni catalyst and the reactants , 2009 .

[67]  U. Ozkan,et al.  Adsorption/Desorption Behavior of Ethanol Steam Reforming Reactants and Intermediates over Supported Cobalt Catalysts , 2011 .

[68]  J. Kašpar,et al.  Nanostructured CeO2–ZrO2 mixed oxides , 2005 .

[69]  Suk Woo Nam,et al.  The effect of Al addition on the prevention of Ni sintering in bio-ethanol steam reforming for molten carbonate fuel cells , 2010 .

[70]  F. B. Noronha,et al.  The study of the performance of Ni-based catalysts obtained from LaNiO3 perovskite-type oxides synthesized by the combustion method for the production of hydrogen by reforming of ethanol , 2013 .

[71]  Seung Ju Han,et al.  Hydrogen production by steam reforming of ethanol over mesoporous Ni–Al2O3–ZrO2 xerogel catalysts: Effect of Zr/Al molar ratio , 2013 .

[72]  D. Leung,et al.  A review on reforming bio-ethanol for hydrogen production , 2007 .

[73]  Y. Schuurman,et al.  Ageing analysis of a model Ir/CeO2 catalyst in ethanol steam reforming , 2012 .

[74]  Zili Wu,et al.  On the structure dependence of CO oxidation over CeO2 nanocrystals with well-defined surface planes , 2012 .

[75]  Hong He,et al.  Oxidative steam reforming of ethanol over Rh catalyst supported on Ce1−xLaxOy (x = 0.3) solid solution prepared by urea co-precipitation method , 2013 .

[76]  F. Frusteri,et al.  Steam reforming of ethanol on Ni/MgO catalysts: H2 production for MCFC , 2002 .

[77]  K. Sumathy,et al.  Potential of renewable hydrogen production for energy supply in Hong Kong , 2006 .

[78]  Huann-Ming Chou,et al.  Hydrogen production from an ethanol reformer with energy saving approaches over various catalysts , 2013 .

[79]  M. Castaldi,et al.  Kinetic and process study for ethanol reforming using a Rh/Pt washcoated monolith catalyst , 2009 .

[80]  J. Llorca,et al.  Microcalorimetric and infrared studies of ethanol and acetaldehyde adsorption to investigate the ethanol steam reforming on supported cobalt catalysts. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[81]  Suttichai Assabumrungrat,et al.  Methane steam reforming over Ni/Ce-ZrO2 catalyst : Influences of Ce-ZrO2 support on reactivity, resistance toward carbon formation, and intrinsic reaction kinetics , 2005 .

[82]  Shaoyin Zhang,et al.  Hydrogen production from oxidative steam reforming of ethanol over Ir/CeO2 catalysts in a micro-channel reactor , 2014 .

[83]  F. B. Noronha,et al.  Ethanol reforming over Ni/CeGd catalysts with low Ni content , 2012 .

[84]  A. Kiennemann,et al.  Study of Ce-Zr-Co fluorite-type oxide as catalysts for hydrogen production by steam reforming of bioethanol , 2005 .

[85]  J. Monteiro,et al.  Bifunctional Metal/Base Catalysts (Pt/X) for the Direct Synthesis of MIBK from Acetone , 2002 .

[86]  Jakkapong Udomsirichakorn,et al.  Review of hydrogen-enriched gas production from steam gasification of biomass: The prospect of CaO-based chemical looping gasification , 2014 .

[87]  Martha Cobo,et al.  Steam reforming of ethanol over bimetallic RhPt/La2O3: Long-term stability under favorable reaction conditions , 2013 .

[88]  J. Dalmon,et al.  Transformation of Co3O4 during Ethanol Steam-Re-forming. Activation Process for Hydrogen Production , 2004 .

[89]  N. Abdoulmoumine,et al.  A review on current status of hydrogen production from bio-oil , 2012 .

[90]  G. Bonura,et al.  Steam and auto-thermal reforming of bio-ethanol over MgO and CeO2 Ni supported catalysts , 2006 .

[91]  A. Roger,et al.  Effect of Ce/Zr ratio in CeZr-CoRh catalysts on the hydrogen production by glycerol steam reforming , 2013 .

[92]  E. Assaf,et al.  Effect of CaO addition on acid properties of Ni–Ca/Al2O3 catalysts applied to ethanol steam reforming , 2013 .

[93]  D. Duprez,et al.  Effect of higher alcohols on the performances of a 1%Rh/MgAl2O4/Al2O3 catalyst for hydrogen production by crude bioethanol steam reforming , 2011 .

[94]  A. Yaroslavtsev,et al.  Production of high purity hydrogen by ethanol steam reforming in membrane reactor , 2014 .

[95]  Wenjie Shen,et al.  Morphology-dependent nanocatalysts: rod-shaped oxides. , 2014, Chemical Society reviews.

[96]  F. B. Noronha,et al.  Hydrogen production through CO2 reforming of methane over Ni/CeZrO2/Al2O3 catalysts , 2014 .

[97]  Yves Schuurman,et al.  Hydrogen production from ethanol steam reforming in a micro-channel reactor , 2010 .

[98]  M. Boaro,et al.  Insights into the redox properties of ceria-based oxides and their implications in catalysis , 2006 .

[99]  Daniel Duprez,et al.  Ethanol Steam Reforming over Rh(1%)MgAl2O4/Al2O3: A Kinetic Study , 2010 .

[100]  N. Homs,et al.  Oxidative steam reforming of bio-butanol for hydrogen production: effects of noble metals on bimetallic CoM/ZnO catalysts (M = Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd) , 2014 .

[101]  Jenghan Wang,et al.  Trends of Water Gas Shift Reaction on Close-Packed Transition Metal Surfaces , 2010 .

[102]  Y. Schuurman,et al.  Hydrogen production from ethanol steam reforming over Ir/CeO2 catalysts: Enhanced stability by PrOx promotion , 2011 .

[103]  H. Idriss,et al.  H2 Production from Ethanol over Rh–Pt/CeO2 Catalysts: The Role of Rh for the Efficient Dissociation of the Carbon–Carbon Bond , 2002 .

[104]  D. Kunzru,et al.  Steam reforming of ethanol over Rh/CeO2/Al2O3 catalysts in a microchannel reactor , 2011 .

[105]  F. B. Noronha,et al.  Rh/CeO2 catalyst preparation and characterization for hydrogen production from ethanol partial oxidation , 2008 .

[106]  U. Graham,et al.  Study of catalyst deactivation and reaction mechanism of steam reforming, partial oxidation, and oxidative steam reforming of ethanol over Co/CeO2 catalyst , 2009 .

[107]  A. Karim,et al.  A Comparative Study between Co and Rh for Steam Reforming of Ethanol , 2010 .

[108]  Fabio B. Noronha,et al.  The effect of space time on Co/CeO2 catalyst deactivation during oxidative steam reforming of ethanol , 2010 .

[109]  Gary Jacobs,et al.  The effect of support reducibility on the stability of Co/CeO2 for the oxidative steam reforming of ethanol , 2011 .

[110]  Chuin-Tih Yeh,et al.  Application of nickel–lanthanum composite oxide on the steam reforming of ethanol to produce hydrogen , 2010 .

[111]  M. Cantão,et al.  Support influence on Ni–Cu catalysts behavior under ethanol oxidative reforming reaction , 2011 .

[112]  Chandima Gomes,et al.  Hydrogen as an energy carrier: Prospects and challenges , 2012 .

[113]  Yongchen Song,et al.  Hydrogen production from catalytic steam reforming of biodiesel byproduct glycerol: Issues and challenges , 2014 .

[114]  Hao Yu,et al.  Auto-thermal ethanol micro-reformer with a structural Ir/La2O3/ZrO2 catalyst for hydrogen production , 2011 .

[115]  Yong Tang,et al.  Hydrogen production via autothermal reforming of ethanol over noble metal catalysts supported on oxides , 2009 .

[116]  Edson A. Ticianelli,et al.  Characterization of the activity and stability of supported cobalt catalysts for the steam reforming of ethanol , 2003 .

[117]  Z. Önsan,et al.  Steam reforming of ethanol over Pt–Ni Catalysts , 2008 .

[118]  Su Ha,et al.  Metallic phases of cobalt-based catalysts in ethanol steam reforming: The effect of cerium oxide , 2009 .

[119]  M. Barteau,et al.  CARBON CARBON BOND FORMATION VIA ALDOLIZATION OF ACETALDEHYDE ON SINGLE-CRYSTAL AND POLYCRYSTALLINE TIO2 SURFACES , 1993 .

[120]  Xenophon E. Verykios,et al.  Production of hydrogen for fuel cells by steam reforming of ethanol over supported noble metal catalysts , 2003 .

[121]  Daniel Duprez,et al.  Hydrogen production from raw bioethanol steam reforming: Optimization of catalyst composition with improved stability against various impurities , 2010 .

[122]  Wenjie Shen,et al.  Steam reforming of bio-ethanol for the production of hydrogen over ceria-supported Co, Ir and Ni catalysts , 2006 .

[123]  Wenjie Shen,et al.  Hydrogen production by steam reforming of ethanol over an Ir/CeO2 catalyst: Reaction mechanism and stability of the catalyst , 2008 .

[124]  Guichang Wang,et al.  Reaction mechanism of ethanol decomposition on Mo2C(100) investigated by the first principles study , 2013 .

[125]  E. Seebauer,et al.  Effect of oxygen electronic polarisability on catalytic reactions over oxides , 2000 .

[126]  E. Wolf,et al.  In situ XAS and FTIR studies of a multi-component Ni/Fe/Cu catalyst for hydrogen production from ethanol , 2013 .

[127]  Feng Wu,et al.  H2 from steam reforming of ethanol at low temperature over Ni/Y2O3, Ni/La2O3 and Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for fuel-cell application , 2005 .

[128]  A. Dalai,et al.  Synthesis, characterization and performance evaluation of Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for reforming of crude ethanol for hydrogen production , 2005 .

[129]  J. Llorca,et al.  Dynamic photocatalytic hydrogen production from ethanol–water mixtures in an optical fiber honeycomb reactor loaded with Au/TiO2 , 2014 .

[130]  M. Ni.  2D heat and mass transfer modeling of methane steam reforming for hydrogen production in a compact reformer , 2013 .

[131]  M. V. Ganduglia-Pirovano,et al.  Oxygen vacancies in transition metal and rare earth oxides: Current state of understanding and remaining challenges , 2007 .

[132]  C. H. Bartholomew.  Mechanisms of catalyst deactivation , 2001 .

[133]  Deepak Kunzru,et al.  Oxidative steam reforming of ethanol over Rh based catalysts in a micro-channel reactor , 2011 .

[134]  Jorge Beltramini,et al.  A review of catalytic hydrogen production processes from biomass , 2010 .

[135]  G. Jacobs,et al.  New approaches to improving catalyst stability over Pt/ceria during ethanol steam reforming: Sn addition and CO2 co-feeding , 2010 .

[136]  C. Erkey,et al.  Effect of support materials on supported platinum catalyst prepared using a supercritical fluid deposition technique and their catalytic performance for hydrogen-rich gas production from lignocellulosic biomass. , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[137]  Paul T. Williams,et al.  Hydrogen production from steam reforming of ethanol with nano-Ni/SiO2 catalysts prepared at different Ni to citric acid ratios using a sol–gel method , 2011 .

[138]  G. Bonura,et al.  H2 production for MC fuel cell by steam reforming of ethanol over MgO supported Pd, Rh, Ni and Co catalysts , 2004 .

[139]  Eduardo López,et al.  Bio-ethanol steam reforming and autothermal reforming in 3-μm channels coated with RhPd/CeO2 for hydrogen generation , 2013 .

[140]  J. Fierro,et al.  Effect of sodium addition on the performance of Co-ZnO-based catalysts for hydrogen production from bioethanol , 2004 .

[141]  A. Veen,et al.  Oxidative Steam Reforming of Ethanol over Ni–Cu/SiO2, Rh/Al2O3 and Ir/CeO2: Effect of Metal and Support on Reaction Mechanism , 2008 .

[142]  N. Homs,et al.  H2 production by oxidative steam reforming of ethanol over K promoted Co-Rh/CeO2-ZrO2 catalysts , 2010 .

[143]  Daniel Duprez,et al.  Preparation and characterization of bimetallic Rh-Ni/Y2O3-Al2O3 for hydrogen production by raw bioethanol steam reforming: influence of the addition of nickel on the catalyst performances and stability , 2010 .

[144]  J. Fierro,et al.  Ethanol steam reforming over Ni/MxOy–Al2O3 (M=Ce, La, Zr and Mg) catalysts: Influence of support on the hydrogen production , 2007 .

[145]  Dennis Y.C. Leung,et al.  A review of biomass-derived fuel processors for fuel cell systems , 2009 .

[146]  Rufino M. Navarro,et al.  Hydrogen production by oxidative ethanol reforming on Co, Ni and Cu ex-hydrotalcite catalysts , 2011 .

[147]  Manuel Gómez,et al.  Ethanol steam reforming over Ni/ZnAl2O4-CeO2. Influence of calcination atmosphere and nature of catalytic precursor , 2011 .

[148]  A. Basile,et al.  Methanol steam reforming for hydrogen generation via conventional and membrane reactors: A review , 2014 .

[149]  Seung Ju Han,et al.  Hydrogen production by steam reforming of ethanol over P123-assisted mesoporous Ni–Al2O3–ZrO2 xerogel catalysts , 2014 .

[150]  J. Rasko,et al.  Hydrogen formation in ethanol reforming on supported noble metal catalysts , 2006 .

[151]  T. Andreu,et al.  Improvement of oxygen storage capacity using mesoporous ceria–zirconia solid solutions , 2011 .

[152]  Muhanned A. Hararah,et al.  Hydrogen production by thermal partial oxidation of ethanol: Thermodynamics and kinetics study , 2010 .

[153]  A. Roger,et al.  Study of a CeZrCoRh mixed oxide for hydrogen production by ethanol steam reforming , 2011 .

[154]  F. B. Noronha,et al.  Hydrogen production for fuel cell applications by ethanol partial oxidation on Pt/CeO2 catalysts: the effect of the reaction conditions and reaction mechanism , 2005 .

[155]  K. Tomishige,et al.  Steam reforming of ethanol over metal-oxide-promoted Pt/SiO2 catalysts: Effects of strong metal-oxide interaction (SMOI) , 2010 .

[156]  S. Sokolov,et al.  Catalytic performance of CoAlZn and NiAlZn mixed oxides in hydrogen production by bio-ethanol partial oxidation , 2014 .

[157]  Zahira Yaakob,et al.  Renewable hydrogen economy in Asia – Opportunities and challenges: An overview , 2014 .

[158]  G. Watson,et al.  Atomistic models for CeO(2)(111), (110), and (100) nanoparticles, supported on yttrium-stabilized zirconia. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[159]  Miguel Laborde,et al.  Hydrogen from steam reforming of ethanol. characterization and performance of copper-nickel supported catalysts , 1998 .

[160]  U. Graham,et al.  Steam and CO2 reforming of ethanol over Rh/CeO2 catalyst , 2011 .

[161]  Yves Schuurman,et al.  Oxidative steam reforming of ethanol over Ir/CeO2 catalysts: A structure sensitivity analysis , 2012 .

[162]  G. Marbán,et al.  Stainless steel wire mesh-supported Co3O4 catalysts in the steam reforming of ethanol , 2014 .

[163]  Fabio B. Noronha,et al.  Hydrogen production through oxidative steam reforming of ethanol over Ni-based catalysts derived from La1−xCexNiO3 perovskite-type oxides , 2012 .

[164]  Yong Wang,et al.  Review of developments in portable hydrogen production using microreactor technology. , 2004, Chemical reviews.

[165]  D. Koningsberger,et al.  Characterization of supported cobalt and cobalt-rhodium catalysts : III. Temperature-Programmed Reduction (TPR), Oxidation (TPO), and EXAFS of Co---Rh/SiO2 , 1986 .

[166]  Hicham Idriss,et al.  Reactions of ethanol over metal oxides , 2000 .

[167]  Fausto Gallucci,et al.  Recent advances on membranes and membrane reactors for hydrogen production , 2013 .

[168]  Alírio E. Rodrigues,et al.  Kinetics of Steam Reforming of Ethanol over a Ru/Al2O3 Catalyst , 2006 .

[169]  M. Engelhard,et al.  Effects of nanocrystalline CeO2 supports on the properties and performance of Ni–Rh bimetallic catalyst for oxidative steam reforming of ethanol , 2006 .

[170]  Deborah J. Jones,et al.  Effect of the nature of the support on the activity of Pt-Sn based catalysts for hydrogen production by dehydrogenation of Ultra Low Sulfur Kerosene Jet A-1 , 2013 .

[171]  D. King,et al.  Catalyst deactivation and regeneration in low temperature ethanol steam reforming with Rh/CeO2–ZrO2 catalysts , 2006 .

[172]  J. Llorca,et al.  Catalytic walls and micro-devices for generating hydrogen by low temperature steam reforming of ethanol , 2009 .

[173]  T. Horiuchi,et al.  Sintering Behavior of Pt Metal Particles Supported on Silica-Coated Alumina Surface , 2002 .

[174]  Maoshuai Li,et al.  Enhanced oxygen mobility and reactivity for ethanol steam reforming , 2012 .

[175]  R. El‐Salamony,et al.  Ni supported high surface area CeO2–ZrO2 catalysts for hydrogen production from ethanol steam reforming , 2012 .

[176]  C. Hardacre,et al.  Steam reforming of ethanol over Co3O4–Fe2O3 mixed oxides , 2013 .

[177]  M. Cantão,et al.  Bimetallic catalysts performance during ethanol steam reforming: Influence of support materials , 2009 .

[178]  Shawn D. Lin,et al.  Effects of the pretreatment of CuNi/SiO2 on ethanol steam reforming: Influence of bimetal morphology , 2014 .

[179]  Y. Sekine,et al.  Promoting effect of small amount of Fe addition onto Co catalyst supported on α-Al2O3 for steam reforming of ethanol , 2010 .

[180]  A. Veen,et al.  Hydrogen production from ethanol over Ir/CeO2 catalysts : A comparative study of steam reforming, partial oxidation and oxidative steam reforming , 2008 .

[181]  M. Hatanaka,et al.  Suppression of Noble Metal Sintering Based on the Support Anchoring Effect and its Application in Automotive Three-Way Catalysis , 2009 .

[182]  S. Ogo,et al.  Effect of small amount of Fe addition on ethanol steam reforming over Co/Al2O3 catalyst , 2014 .

[183]  Hao Yu,et al.  Steam Reforming of Oxygenate Fuels for Hydrogen Production: A Thermodynamic Study , 2011 .

[184]  C. Yeh,et al.  Hydrogen production from steam reforming of ethanol using a ceria-supported iridium catalyst: Effect of different ceria supports , 2010 .

[185]  Stefano Cavallaro,et al.  Hydrogen production by auto-thermal reforming of ethanol on Rh/Al2O3 catalyst , 2003 .

[186]  M. Moreno,et al.  Hydrogen production by ethanol steam reforming over Rh nanoparticles supported on lanthana/silica systems , 2014 .

[187]  F. B. Noronha,et al.  Effect of the metal nature on the reaction mechanism of the partial oxidation of ethanol over CeO2-supported Pt and Rh catalysts , 2008 .

[188]  U. Ozkan,et al.  Investigation of the Reaction Network in Ethanol Steam Reforming over Supported Cobalt Catalysts , 2010 .

[189]  K. Sumathy,et al.  A review and recent developments in photocatalytic water-splitting using TiO2 for hydrogen production , 2007 .

[190]  F. Frusteri,et al.  Hydrogen production from ethanol on Rh/MgO based catalysts: The influence of rhodium precursor on catalytic performance , 2007 .

[191]  W. Gac,et al.  Nano- and micro-powder of zirconia and ceria-supported cobalt catalysts for the steam reforming of bio-ethanol , 2010 .

[192]  F. Frusteri,et al.  Performance of Rh/Al2O3 catalyst in the steam reforming of ethanol: H2 production for MCFC , 2003 .

[193]  H. Idriss,et al.  Ethanol reactions over the UO2(111) single crystal: effect of the Madelung potential on the reaction selectivity , 2000 .

[194]  Yuan Liu,et al.  Co–Ni bimetal catalyst supported on perovskite-type oxide for steam reforming of ethanol to produce hydrogen , 2014 .

[195]  S. Tosti,et al.  Hydrogen production from bio-ethanol steam reforming reaction in a Pd/PSS membrane reactor , 2012 .

[196]  Lifang Chen,et al.  Hydrogen production over Rh/Ce-MCM-41 catalysts via ethanol steam reforming , 2013 .

[197]  X. Bai,et al.  Regenerable and durable catalyst for hydrogen production from ethanol steam reforming , 2011 .

[198]  Yaquan Wang,et al.  Steam reforming of ethanol to hydrogen over nickel metal catalysts , 2010 .

[199]  Paolo Ciambelli,et al.  Low temperature catalytic steam reforming of ethanol. 2. Preliminary kinetic investigation of Pt/CeO2 catalysts , 2010 .

[200]  G. Jacobs,et al.  Steam Reforming of Ethanol over Pt/ceria with Co-fed Hydrogen , 2007 .

[201]  Figen Kadirgan,et al.  Understanding the influence of Ni, Co, Rh and Pd addition to PtSn/C catalyst for the oxidation of ethanol by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy , 2014 .

[202]  Zhen Zhao,et al.  Effect of the transition metal oxide supports on hydrogen production from bio-ethanol reforming , 2012 .

[203]  D. Duprez,et al.  New Active and Selective Rh-REOx-Al2O3 Catalysts for Ethanol Steam Reforming , 2008 .

[204]  K. Sumathy,et al.  AN OVERVIEW OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASS , 2006 .

[205]  Xue Han,et al.  Hydrogen production from oxidative steam reforming of ethanol over rhodium catalysts supported on Ce-La solid solution , 2013 .

[206]  K. Takanabe,et al.  Sustainable hydrogen from bio-oil - Steam reforming of acetic acid as a model oxygenate , 2004 .

[207]  M. Barroso,et al.  Co catalysts modified by rare earths (La, Ce or Pr) for hydrogen production from ethanol , 2014 .

[208]  X. Verykios,et al.  Low Temperature Steam Reforming of Ethanol Over Supported Noble Metal Catalysts , 2008 .