Team Resilience as a Second-Order Emergent State: A Theoretical Model and Research Directions

Resilience has been recognized as an important phenomenon for understanding how individuals overcome difficult situations. However, it is not only individuals who face difficulties; it is not uncommon for teams to experience adversity. When they do, they must be able to overcome these challenges without performance decrements.This manuscript represents a theoretical model that might be helpful in conceptualizing this important construct. Specifically, it describes team resilience as a second-order emergent state. We also include research propositions that follow from the model.

[1]  Stephen Joseph,et al.  Positive Change Following Trauma and Adversity: A Review , 2004, Journal of traumatic stress.

[2]  Steve M. Jex,et al.  Efficacy beliefs and work stress: An exploratory study , 1992 .

[3]  Cale D. Palmer,et al.  A Theory of Risk and Resilience Factors in Military Families , 2008 .

[4]  Victor Savicki,et al.  Information system organizational resilience , 2003 .

[5]  C. McBride-Chang,et al.  Resilience in Young Adulthood: The Moderating Influences of Gender-related Personality Traits and Coping Flexibility , 2007 .

[6]  William B. Vessey,et al.  Team resilience: How teams flourish under pressure. , 2015 .

[7]  C. Shawn Burke,et al.  The use of a team-based strategy for organizational transformation: guidance for moving toward a high reliability organization , 2005 .

[8]  W. Widmeyer,et al.  Relationship between collective efficacy and team cohesion: Conceptual and measurement issues. , 1999 .

[9]  Robert L. Wears,et al.  Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts , 2006, Quality and Safety in Health Care.

[10]  S. Dziegielewski,et al.  Addressing Stress with Social Work Students: A Controlled Evaluation , 2004 .

[11]  J. Cranford,et al.  Does resilience moderate the associations between parental problem drinking and adolescents' internalizing and externalizing behaviors? A study of Korean adolescents. , 2008, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[12]  S. Luthar,et al.  The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies , 2000, Development and Psychopathology.

[13]  M. L. Fox,et al.  Dispositional affect and work-related stress. , 1992, The Journal of applied psychology.

[14]  Angela L. Duckworth,et al.  Grit: perseverance and passion for long-term goals. , 2007, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[15]  Steve W. J. Kozlowski,et al.  Building adaptive expertise: Implications for training design strategies. , 1997 .

[16]  Timothy J. Vogus,et al.  Organizational Mindfulness and Mindful Organizing: A Reconciliation and Path Forward , 2012 .

[17]  Giovanni A Fava,et al.  Increasing psychological well-being and resilience by psychotherapeutic methods. , 2009, Journal of personality.

[18]  J. Hackman,et al.  A theory of team coaching , 2005, IEEE Engineering Management Review.

[19]  Gabriel Szulanski,et al.  The Effects of Conflict Types, Dimensions, and Emergent States on Group Outcomes , 2008 .

[20]  Diana Hulse-killacky,et al.  Resiliency Determinants and Resiliency Processes Among Female Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse , 2006 .

[21]  Murray B Stein,et al.  Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. , 2006, Behaviour research and therapy.

[22]  G. Hatano,et al.  TWO COURSES OF EXPERTISE , 1984 .

[23]  W. L. Cron,et al.  The role of goal orientation following performance feedback. , 2001, The Journal of applied psychology.

[24]  J. Davidson,et al.  Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC) , 2003, Depression and anxiety.

[25]  Kara L Hall,et al.  The ecology of team science: understanding contextual influences on transdisciplinary collaboration. , 2008, American journal of preventive medicine.

[26]  Erik Hollnagel,et al.  Resilience and resilience engineering in health care. , 2014, Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety.

[27]  Baruch Kimmerling,et al.  Voluntary Action and Location in the System: The Case of the Israeli Civilians During the 1973 War , 1982 .

[28]  Bennett E. Postlethwaite,et al.  Reaping the benefits of task conflict in teams: the critical role of team psychological safety climate. , 2012, The Journal of applied psychology.

[29]  D. Fletcher,et al.  Mental fortitude training: An evidence-based approach to developing psychological resilience for sustained success , 2016 .

[30]  V. Savicki,et al.  Resilience in the Face of Catastrophe: Optimism, Personality, and Coping in the Kosovo Crisis , 2002 .

[31]  G. Schwartz,et al.  Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Medical and Premedical Students , 1998, Journal of Behavioral Medicine.

[32]  Christopher Nemeth,et al.  Resilience Capacity and Strategic Agility: Prerequisites for Thriving in a Dynamic Environment , 2016 .

[33]  D. Fletcher,et al.  A grounded theory of psychological resilience in Olympic champions , 2012 .

[34]  C. Gibson,et al.  THE ANTECEDENTS , CONSEQUENCES , AND MEDIATING ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL AMBIDEXTERITY , 2004 .

[35]  Ann Majchrzak,et al.  Coordinating Expertise Among Emergent Groups Responding to Disasters , 2007, Organ. Sci..

[36]  Michael Lissack,et al.  Complexity, Emergence, Resilience and Coherence - Gaining perspective on organizations and their study , 2002 .

[37]  Howard E. Aldrich,et al.  Teams that Work Together, Stay Together: Resiliency of Entrepreneurial Teams , 2006 .

[38]  A. Carrón,et al.  Team cohesion and team success in sport , 2002, Journal of sports sciences.

[39]  A. Herzog,et al.  Resilience and mental health. , 2007, Connecticut medicine.

[40]  D. Schroeder,et al.  Stress Management and Resilience Training Among Department of Medicine Faculty: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial , 2011, Journal of General Internal Medicine.

[41]  Steve W. J. Kozlowski,et al.  Team learning, development, and adaptation , 2008 .

[42]  Becky L. Bobek.  Teacher Resiliency: A Key to Career Longevity , 2002 .

[43]  James M. Kendra,et al.  Elements of resilience after the World Trade Center disaster: reconstituting New York City's Emergency Operations Centre. , 2003, Disasters.

[44]  J. Block,et al.  The Role of Ego-Control and Ego-Resiliency in the Organization of Behavior , 1980 .

[45]  R. Lazarus.  From psychological stress to the emotions: a history of changing outlooks. , 1993, Annual review of psychology.

[46]  M. Brennan.  Conceptualizing Resiliency: An Interactional Perspective for Community and Youth Development , 2008 .

[47]  A. Langley.  Strategies for Theorizing from Process Data , 1999 .

[48]  A. Masten,et al.  Disasters and their impact on child development: introduction to the special section. , 2010, Child development.

[49]  B. Nijstad,et al.  Group creativity : An introduction , 2003 .

[50]  Paul B.C. Morgan,et al.  Defining and characterizing team resilience in elite sport , 2013 .

[51]  Kara A. Incalcaterra,et al.  A meta-analysis of team-efficacy, potency, and performance: interdependence and level of analysis as moderators of observed relationships. , 2002, The Journal of applied psychology.

[52]  Aaron B. Brown.  Oops! Coping with Human Error in IT Systems , 2004, ACM Queue.

[53]  D. Paton,et al.  Developing disaster management capability: an assessment centre approach , 2002 .

[54]  J. H. Gittell,et al.  High‐quality relationships, psychological safety, and learning from failures in work organizations , 2009 .

[55]  Paul B.C. Morgan,et al.  Understanding team resilience in the world's best athletes: A case study of a rugby union World Cup winning team. , 2015 .

[56]  E. Salas,et al.  Promoting health care safety through training high reliability teams , 2005, Quality and Safety in Health Care.

[57]  Suniya S. Luthar,et al.  Resilience in Development: A Synthesis of Research across Five Decades , 2015 .

[58]  Ioannis Ignatiadis,et al.  The impact of enterprise systems on organizational resilience , 2007, J. Inf. Technol..

[59]  J. Dusek,et al.  The Evaluation of a Mind/Body Intervention to Reduce Psychological Distress and Perceived Stress in College Students , 2002, Journal of American college health : J of ACH.

[60]  Martin Seligman.  Organizational Resilience: Uniting Leadership and Enhancing Sustainability , 2012 .

[61]  Emily D. Heaphy,et al.  Relationship Quality and Virtuousness , 2013 .

[62]  Jaclyn M. Jensen,et al.  Developing adaptive teams: A theory of dynamic team leadership , 2009 .

[63]  S. Jeffcott,et al.  Resilience in healthcare and clinical handover , 2009, Quality & Safety in Health Care.

[64]  Kathleen M. Sutcliffe,et al.  Organizational resilience: Towards a theory and research agenda , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics.

[65]  R. Vealey,et al.  “Bouncing Back” from Adversity: Athletes’ Experiences of Resilience , 2008 .

[66]  Bengt B. Arnetz,et al.  Trauma Resilience Training for Police: Psychophysiological and Performance Effects , 2009 .

[67]  S. Luthar,et al.  The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. , 2000, Child development.

[68]  R. Neimeyer,et al.  The Underlying Structure of Grief: A Taxometric Investigation of Prolonged and Normal Reactions to Loss , 2009 .

[69]  Kathleen M. Sutcliffe,et al.  Mindfulness and the Quality of Organizational Attention , 2006, Organ. Sci..

[70]  N. Repenning,et al.  Disaster Dynamics: Understanding the Role of Quantity in Organizational Collapse , 2002 .

[71]  K. Weick,et al.  Organizing for high reliability: Processes of collective mindfulness. , 1999 .

[72]  C. Wagstaff,et al.  Organizational psychology in elite sport: Its emergence, application and future , 2009 .

[73]  G. Bonanno,et al.  Annual Research Review: Positive adjustment to adversity--trajectories of minimal-impact resilience and emergent resilience. , 2013, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[74]  M. Linnenluecke,et al.  Corporate sustainability and organizational culture , 2010 .

[75]  B. West,et al.  Team level positivity: investigating positive psychological capacities and team level outcomes , 2009 .

[76]  M. O'hare,et al.  Searching for Safety , 1990 .

[77]  E. Karademas.  Self-efficacy, social support and well-being The mediating role of optimism , 2006 .

[78]  M. Rutter,et al.  Resilience in the Face of Adversity , 1985, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[79]  J. A. Lepine,et al.  Team adaptation and postchange performance: effects of team composition in terms of members' cognitive ability and personality. , 2003, The Journal of applied psychology.

[80]  J. Lepine.  Adaptation of teams in response to unforeseen change: effects of goal difficulty and team composition in terms of cognitive ability and goal orientation. , 2005, The Journal of applied psychology.

[81]  G. Richardson,et al.  The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. , 2002, Journal of clinical psychology.

[82]  R. Gilligan,et al.  Active survival in the lives of unaccompanied minors: coping strategies, resilience, and the relevance of religion , 2010 .

[83]  Q. Gu,et al.  Teachers Resilience: A Necessary Condition for Effectiveness. , 2007 .

[84]  M. Rutter.  Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. , 1987, The American journal of orthopsychiatry.

[85]  J. Sturgeon,et al.  Psychological Resilience, Pain Catastrophizing, and Positive Emotions: Perspectives on Comprehensive Modeling of Individual Pain Adaptation , 2013, Current Pain and Headache Reports.

[86]  M. Rutter,et al.  Developmental catch-up, and deficit, following adoption after severe global early privation. English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) Study Team. , 1998, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[87]  Erica Seville,et al.  Facilitated Process for Improving Organizational Resilience , 2008 .

[88]  J. Reason.  Human error: models and management , 2000, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[89]  Anne E. Brodsky,et al.  Between Synergy and Conflict: Balancing the Processes of Organizational and Individual Resilience in an Afghan Women’s Community , 2011, American journal of community psychology.

[90]  D. Fletcher,et al.  Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. , 2013 .

[91]  Lynda A. King,et al.  Resilience-recovery factors in post-traumatic stress disorder among female and male Vietnam veterans: hardiness, postwar social support, and additional stressful life events. , 1998, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[92]  E. Salas,et al.  Team Performance and Training in Complex Environments , 1998 .

[93]  J. Mathieu,et al.  The influence of shared mental models on team process and performance. , 2000, The Journal of applied psychology.

[94]  M. Glantz,et al.  Resilience and Development , 2002 .

[95]  M. O’Donnell,et al.  Implementing change in a public agency: Leadership, learning and organisational resilience , 2007 .

[96]  W. Greve,et al.  Resilience: A conceptual bridge between coping and development. , 2009 .

[97]  P. Hind,et al.  The resilience audit and the psychological contract , 1996 .

[98]  J. Dutton,et al.  Learning behaviours in the workplace: The role of high-quality interpersonal relationships and psychological safety , 2009 .

[99]  Terence Kelly,et al.  Enhancing Organizational Resilience Through Emergency Planning: Learnings from Cross-Sectoral Lessons , 2009 .

[100]  M. Pratt,et al.  From threat‐rigidity to flexibility ‐ Toward a learning model of autogenic crisis in organizations , 2000 .

[101]  Eduardo Salas,et al.  Planning, Shared Mental Models, and Coordinated Performance: An Empirical Link Is Established , 1999, Hum. Factors.

[102]  INTERDISCIPLINARY GERIATRIC TEAMS: APPROACHES TO CONFLICT AS INDICATORS OF POTENTIAL TO MODEL TEAMWORK , 1994 .

[103]  J. Dutton,et al.  Discerning threats and opportunities. , 1988 .

[104]  M. Criss,et al.  Interdisciplinary and Innovative Approaches to Strengthening Family and Individual Resilience: An Introduction to the Special Issue , 2015 .

[105]  A. Almedom,et al.  RESILIENCE, HARDINESS, SENSE OF COHERENCE, AND POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH: ALL PATHS LEADING TO “LIGHT AT THE END OF THE TUNNEL”? , 2005 .

[106]  A. Masten,et al.  Pathways to Resilience in Context , 2015 .

[107]  K. Connor,et al.  Assessment of resilience in the aftermath of trauma. , 2006, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[108]  Elaine D. Pulakos,et al.  Adaptability in the Workplace: Selecting an Adaptive Workforce , 2006 .

[109]  J. Heckman,et al.  A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[110]  Elliot E. Entin,et al.  Adaptive Team Coordination , 1999, Hum. Factors.

[111]  G. Shahar,et al.  Resilience in homeless youth: the key role of self-esteem. , 2008, The American journal of orthopsychiatry.

[112]  Asher Tishler,et al.  Cultivating a resilient top management team: The importance of relational connections and strategic decision comprehensiveness , 2013 .

[113]  Isaac José Antonio Luquetti dos Santos,et al.  Collective work and resilience of complex systems , 2009 .

[114]  K. Cameron,et al.  Relationships, Layoffs, and Organizational Resilience , 2006 .

[115]  M. Salanova,et al.  Job-related antecedents of team resilience and improved team performance , 2016 .

[116]  D. Schroeder,et al.  Stress Management and Resilience Training (SMART) program to decrease stress and enhance resilience among breast cancer survivors: a pilot randomized clinical trial. , 2011, Clinical breast cancer.

[117]  Linda S. Wing.  Leadership in high‐performance teams: a model for superior team performance , 2005 .

[118]  Josh A. Hagen,et al.  Individual differences in biophysiological toughness: sustaining working memory during physical exhaustion. , 2015, Military medicine.

[119]  Dylan D. Schmorrow,et al.  Foundations of Augmented Cognition. Advancing Human Performance and Decision-Making through Adaptive Systems , 2014, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[120]  Glenda Wrenn,et al.  Promoting Psychological Resilience in the U.S. Military. , 2011, Rand health quarterly.

[121]  S. Sharma,et al.  Team Resilience: Scale Development and Validation , 2016 .

[122]  R. McNally,et al.  Progress and controversy in the study of posttraumatic stress disorder. , 2003, Annual review of psychology.

[123]  John Schaubroeck,et al.  Divergent Effects Of Job Control On Coping With Work Stressors: The Key Role Of Self-Efficacy , 1997 .

[124]  G. Bonanno,et al.  Coping Flexibility, Potentially Traumatic Life Events, and Resilience: A Prospective Study of College Student Adjustment , 2012 .

[125]  D. Chan.  Functional Relations among Constructs in the Same Content Domain at Different Levels of Analysis: A Typology of Composition Models , 1998 .

[126]  Mica R. Endsley,et al.  Shared Mental Models and Shared Displays: An Empirical Evaluation of Team Performance , 1999 .

[127]  Scott Somers.  Measuring Resilience Potential: An Adaptive Strategy for Organizational Crisis Planning , 2009 .

[128]  K. Broome,et al.  Team resilience for young restaurant workers: research-to-practice adaptation and assessment. , 2010, Journal of occupational health psychology.

[129]  A. Masten,et al.  Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity , 1990, Development and Psychopathology.

[130]  J. Reich,et al.  Handbook of Adult Resilience , 2010 .

[131]  F. Norris,et al.  Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster Readiness , 2008, American journal of community psychology.

[132]  Eduardo Salas,et al.  Do Familiar Teammates Request and Accept More Backup? Transactive Memory in Air Traffic Control , 2009, Hum. Factors.

[133]  Ronald H. Stevens,et al.  Team Behaviors and Cognitive Cohesion in Complex Situations , 2014, HCI.

[134]  J. Mathieu,et al.  A framework for testing meso‐mediational relationships in Organizational Behavior , 2007 .

[135]  Catherine A. Lugg,et al.  Leadership for Collaboration: Reducing Risk and Fostering Resilience. , 1993 .

[136]  E. Werner.  Journeys from childhood to midlife: risk, resilience, and recovery. , 2004, Pediatrics.

[137]  J. Schaubroeck,et al.  The Moderating Effects of Self-Esteem on the Work Stress–Employee Health Relationship , 1995 .

[138]  George A. Bonanno.  Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? , 2008 .

[139]  Sharon McBride,et al.  Master Resilience Training in the U.s. Army Background of the Penn Resilience Program (prp) , 2022 .

[140]  M. Steinhardt,et al.  Evaluation of a Resilience Intervention to Enhance Coping Strategies and Protective Factors and Decrease Symptomatology , 2008, Journal of American college health : J of ACH.

[141]  B. Fredrickson,et al.  Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. , 2004, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[142]  Lisa M. Johnson,et al.  Positive affect as a source of resilience for women in chronic pain. , 2005, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[143]  Patricia Averett.  People: The Human Side of Systems Technology , 2001 .

[144]  William B. Rouse,et al.  The role of mental models in team performance in complex systems , 1992, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern..

[145]  E. Carlson,et al.  Resilience as process , 1993, Development and Psychopathology.

[146]  O. Hjemdal,et al.  Resilience in relation to personality and intelligence , 2005, International journal of methods in psychiatric research.

[147]  Dustin K. Jundt,et al.  Teams in organizations: from input-process-output models to IMOI models. , 2005, Annual review of psychology.

[148]  Karen A. Jehn,et al.  Towards a model for team learning in multidisciplinary crisis management teams , 2008 .

[149]  Tammy E. Beck,et al.  Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management , 2011, Human Resource Management Review.

[150]  C. Horsley,et al.  Team Resilience , 2018, Delivering Resilient Health Care.

[151]  Marie Earvolino-Ramirez.  Resilience: a concept analysis. , 2007, Nursing forum.

[152]  N. Rose,et al.  Governing insecurity: contingency planning, protection, resilience , 2009 .

[153]  C. Floyd.  Achieving despite the Odds: A Study of Resilience among a Group of African American High School Seniors , 1996 .

[154]  F. Walsh,et al.  Facilitating family resilience with childhood illness and disability , 2006, Current opinion in pediatrics.

[155]  C. Wagstaff,et al.  Positive Organizational Psychology in Sport: An Ethnography of Organizational Functioning in a National Sport Organization , 2012 .

[156]  John E. Mathieu,et al.  A Temporally Based Framework and Taxonomy of Team Processes , 2001 .

[157]  Ruth Blatt.  RESILIENCE IN ENTREPRENEURIAL TEAMS: DEVELOPING THE CAPACITY TO PULL THROUGH , 2009 .