Observing the LOD Cloud using Equivalent Set Graphs: the LOD Cloud is mostly flat and sparsely linked

This paper presents an empirical study aiming at understanding the modeling style and the overall semantic structure of Linked Open Data. We observe how classes, properties and individuals are used in practice. We also investigate how hierarchies of concepts are structured, and how much they are linked. In addition to discussing the results, this paper contributes (i) a conceptual framework, including a set of metrics, which generalises over the observable constructs; (ii) an open source implementation that facilitates its application to other Linked Data knowledge graphs.

[1]  Deborah L. McGuinness,et al.  When owl: sameAs Isn't the Same: An Analysis of Identity in Linked Data , 2010, SEMWEB.

[2]  Li Ding,et al.  Characterizing the Semantic Web on the Web , 2006, SEMWEB.

[3]  Frank van Harmelen,et al.  OWL Reasoning with WebPIE: Calculating the Closure of 100 Billion Triples , 2010, ESWC.

[4]  Stefan Schlobach,et al.  LOD Laundromat: A Uniform Way of Publishing Other People's Dirty Data , 2014, SEMWEB.

[5]  Deborah L. McGuinness,et al.  SameAs Networks and Beyond: Analyzing Deployment Status and Implications of owl: sameAs in Linked Data , 2010, International Semantic Web Conference.

[6]  Frank van Harmelen,et al.  sameAs.cc: The Closure of 500M owl: sameAs Statements , 2018, ESWC.

[7]  Roberto García,et al.  Measuring the Semantic Web , 2005, MTSR.

[8]  Aldo Gangemi,et al.  Serving DBpedia with DOLCE - More than Just Adding a Cherry on Top , 2015, International Semantic Web Conference.

[9]  James A. Hendler,et al.  A Survey of the Web Ontology Landscape , 2006, SEMWEB.

[10]  Paolo Ciancarini,et al.  Empirical Analysis of Foundational Distinctions in Linked Open Data , 2018, IJCAI.

[11]  Axel Polleres,et al.  On Blank Nodes , 2011, SEMWEB.

[12]  Vassilis Christophides,et al.  Ieee Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering on Graph Features of Semantic Web Schemas , 2022 .

[13]  Li Ding,et al.  How the Semantic Web is Being Used: An Analysis of FOAF Documents , 2005, Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[14]  Christian Bizer,et al.  The WebDataCommons Microdata, RDFa and Microformat Dataset Series , 2014, International Semantic Web Conference.