Novel Noncontact Catheter System for Endocardial Electrical and Anatomical Imaging

The study objective was to integrate noncontact mapping and intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) in a single catheter system that enables both electrical and anatomical imaging of the endocardium. We developed a catheter system on the basis of a 9-F sheath that carried a coaxial 64-electrode lumen-probe on the outside and a central ICE catheter (9 F, 9 MHz) on the inside. The sheath was placed in the right atrium (RA) of 3 dogs, and in the left ventricle (LV) of 3 other dogs. To construct cardiac anatomy, the ICE catheter was pulled back over several beats inside the sheath starting from the tip and two-dimensional tomographic images were continuously acquired. To recover endocardial electrograms, the probe was advanced over the sheath and single-beat noncontact electrograms were simultaneously recorded. Endocardial contact electrodes were placed at select sites for validation as well as for pacing. Three-dimensional electrical–anatomical images reconstructed during sinus and paced rhythms correctly associated RA and LV activation sequences with underlying endocardial anatomy (overall activation error = 3.4±3.2 ms; overall spatial error = 8.0±3.5 mm). Therefore, accurate fusion of electrical imaging with anatomical imaging during catheterization is feasible. Integrating single-beat noncontact mapping with ICE provides detailed, three-dimensional electrical–anatomical images of the endocardium, which may facilitate management of arrhythmias.