The 1993 Flood's Aftermath: Risks, Root Causes, and Lessons for the Future

With losses totaling $19 billion, the recordsetting 1993 flood is the second most costly weather-related disaster in the nation’s history after Hurricane Andrew with $30 billion (Changnon 2004). The physical, economic, and social impacts of that flood have continued to appear years after the event, and they have inspired investigations into regional flooding, the causes of major losses, and other unresolved issues related to the potential for future flooding. This paper addresses four of these post-flood issues, framed as questions arising in the aftermath of the 1993 flood.