VCSELs: requirements and performance improvements for optical interconnects

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) and VCSEL-based devices such as vertical-cavity vertical-to-surface transmission electrophotonic devices (VC-VSTEPs) are promising for optical parallel interconnects and switching networks. Due to recent active research, their characteristics have significantly advanced. In particular, InGaAs-based VCSELs are reaching sufficient performance required for two-dimensional optical integration.