Reducing impact of data fragmentation caused by in-line deduplication

Deduplication results inevitably in data fragmentation, because logically continuous data is scattered across many disk locations. In this work we focus on fragmentation caused by duplicates from previous backups of the same backup set, since such duplicates are very common due to repeated full backups containing a lot of unchanged data. For systems with in-line dedup which detects duplicates during writing and avoids storing them, such fragmentation causes data from the latest backup being scattered across older backups. As a result, the time of restore from the latest backup can be significantly increased, sometimes more than doubled. We propose an algorithm called context-based rewriting (CBR in short) minimizing this drop in restore performance for latest backups by shifting fragmentation to older backups, which are rarely used for restore. By selectively rewriting a small percentage of duplicates during backup, we can reduce the drop in restore bandwidth from 12--55% to only 4--7%, as shown by experiments driven by a set of backup traces. All of this is achieved with only small increase in writing time, between 1% and 5%. Since we rewrite only few duplicates and old copies of rewritten data are removed in the background, the whole process introduces small and temporary space overhead.