Facial and vocal expressions of emotion.

A flurry of theoretical and empirical work concerning the production of and response to facial and vocal expressions has occurred in the past decade. That emotional expressions express emotions is a tautology but may not be a fact. Debates have centered on universality, the nature of emotion, and the link between emotions and expressions. Modern evolutionary theory is informing more models, emphasizing that expressions are directed at a receiver, that the interests of sender and receiver can conflict, that there are many determinants of sending an expression in addition to emotion, that expressions influence the receiver in a variety of ways, and that the receiver's response is more than simply decoding a message.

[1]  C. Darwin.  The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals , .

[2]  Hebb Do.  Emotion in man and animal: an analysis of the intuitive processes of recognition. , 1946 .

[3]  D. Hebb,et al.  Emotion in man and animal; an analysis of the intuitive processes of recognition. , 1946, Psychological review.

[4]  K. Stevens,et al.  Development of a Quantitative Description of Vowel Articulation , 1955 .

[5]  E. Goffman.  The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life , 1959 .

[6]  Gunnar Fant,et al.  Acoustic Theory Of Speech Production , 1960 .

[7]  N. Frijda.  Recognition of Emotion , 1969 .

[8]  K. Berry.  Developmental Study of Recognition of Antecedents of Infant Vocalizations , 1975 .

[9]  G. Zivin.  Facial gestures predict preschoolers' encounter outcomes , 1977 .

[10]  P. Ekman,et al.  Facial action coding system: a technique for the measurement of facial movement , 1978 .

[11]  R. Adams,et al.  Looking, smiling, laughing, and moving in restaurants: Sex and age differences , 1978 .

[12]  R. Dawkins,et al.  Animal signals: information or manipulation? , 1978 .

[13]  R. Kraut,et al.  Social and emotional messages of smiling: An ethological approach. , 1979 .

[14]  P. Ekman.  Emotion in the human face , 1982 .

[15]  Mary C. Brennan,et al.  on the , 1982 .

[16]  Maciej Pakosz.  Attitudinal judgments in intonation: Some evidence for a theory , 1983, Journal of Psycholinguistic Research.

[17]  L. Streeter,et al.  Acoustic and perceptual indicators of emotional stress. , 1983, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[18]  W. Rinn,et al.  The neuropsychology of facial expression: a review of the neurological and psychological mechanisms for producing facial expressions. , 1984, Psychological bulletin.

[19]  J. Russell,et al.  On the Dimensions Preschoolers Use to Interpret Facial Expressions of Emotion , 1986 .

[20]  K. Scherer,et al.  Effect of experimentally induced stress on vocal parameters. , 1986, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[21]  K. Scherer,et al.  Cues and channels in emotion recognition. , 1986 .

[22]  A. J. Fridlund,et al.  Guidelines for human electromyographic research. , 1986, Psychophysiology.

[23]  K. Scherer,et al.  Recognition of emotion from vocal cues. , 1986, Archives of general psychiatry.

[24]  P. Kuhl,et al.  Acoustic determinants of infant preference for motherese speech , 1987 .

[25]  Philip Lieberman,et al.  Speech Physiology, Speech Perception, and Acoustic Phonetics , 1988 .

[26]  C. Keating,et al.  Power Displays Between Women and Men in Discussions of Gender-Linked Tasks: A Multichannel Study , 1988 .

[27]  Arvid Kappas,et al.  Multichannel communication of emotion: Synthetic signal production. , 1988 .

[28]  M. T. Motley,et al.  Facial expression of emotion: A comparison of posed expressions versus spontaneous expressions in an interpersonal communication setting , 1988 .

[29]  M. Katsikitis,et al.  A study of facial expression in Parkinson's disease using a novel microcomputer-based method. , 1988, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[30]  K. Scherer.  VOCAL MEASUREMENT OF EMOTION , 1989 .

[31]  P. Ekman,et al.  The Duchenne smile: emotional expression and brain physiology. II. , 1990, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[32]  P. Ekman,et al.  Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: emotional expression and brain physiology. I. , 1990, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[33]  Jeff Pittam,et al.  The long-term spectrum and perceived emotion , 1990, Speech Commun..

[34]  K. Grammer.  Strangers meet: Laughter and nonverbal signs of interest in opposite-sex encounters , 1990 .

[35]  R. Aslin,et al.  Preference for infant-directed speech in the first month after birth. , 1990, Child development.

[36]  I. E. Josephs,et al.  The expressive and communicative functions of preschool children's smiles in an achievement-situation , 1991 .

[37]  W. Rinn,et al.  Neuropsychology of facial expression. , 1991 .

[38]  F DejongEstienne,et al.  Voice and emotion , 1991 .

[39]  Arvid Kappas,et al.  Voice and emotion. , 1991 .

[40]  J. Russell.  Culture and the categorization of emotions. , 1991, Psychological bulletin.

[41]  Phillip J. Glenn.  Current speaker initiation of two‐party shared laughter , 1991 .

[42]  M. Leary,et al.  Social blushing. , 1992, Psychological bulletin.

[43]  Harriet Oster,et al.  Japanese and American infants' responses to arm restraint. , 1992 .

[44]  K. Schneider,et al.  Preschoolers' attention and emotion in an achievement and an effect game: A longitudinal study , 1992 .

[45]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Primitive emotional contagion. , 1992 .

[46]  John T. Cacioppo,et al.  Unobservable Facial Actions and Emotion , 1992 .

[47]  A. Ortony,et al.  Basic emotions: can conflicting criteria converge? , 1992, Psychological review.

[48]  K. Scherer,et al.  Vocal expression and communication of emotion. , 1993 .

[49]  M. Bradley,et al.  Looking at pictures: affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. , 1993, Psychophysiology.

[50]  L. F. Barrett,et al.  Handbook of Emotions , 1993 .

[51]  A. J. Fridlund.  Human Facial Expression: An Evolutionary View , 1994 .

[52]  C. Izard.  Innate and universal facial expressions: evidence from developmental and cross-cultural research. , 1994, Psychological bulletin.

[53]  P. Ekman,et al.  Coherence between expressive and experiential systems in emotion , 1994 .

[54]  J. Russell.  Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? A review of the cross-cultural studies. , 1994, Psychological bulletin.

[55]  P. Ekman,et al.  Strong evidence for universals in facial expressions: a reply to Russell's mistaken critique. , 1994, Psychological bulletin.

[56]  Ingo R. Titze,et al.  Principles of voice production , 1994 .

[57]  José-Miguel Fernández-Dols,et al.  Are smiles a sign of happiness ? Gold medal winners at the olympic games , 1995 .

[58]  J. Russell.  Facial expressions of emotion: what lies beyond minimal universality? , 1995, Psychological bulletin.

[59]  J. Bachorowski,et al.  Vocal Expression of Emotion: Acoustic Properties of Speech Are Associated With Emotional Intensity and Context , 1995 .

[60]  K E Cummings,et al.  Analysis of the glottal excitation of emotionally styled and stressed speech. , 1995, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[61]  Marianne LaFrance,et al.  Why Smiles Generate Leniency , 1995 .

[62]  D. Keltner.  Signs of appeasement: evidence for the distinct displays of embarrassment, amusement, and shame , 1995 .

[63]  J. Cohn,et al.  A combination of vocal fo dynamic and summary features discriminates between three pragmatic categories of infant-directed speech. , 1996, Child development.

[64]  The Expression of the Passions: The Origin and Influence of Charles LeBrun's "Conference sur l'expression generale et particuliere" , 1996 .

[65]  P. Cooper,et al.  The impact of postnatal depression and associated adversity on early mother-infant interactions and later infant outcome. , 1996, Child development.

[66]  Arne Öhman,et al.  Behold the wrath: Psychophysiological responses to facial stimuli , 1996 .

[67]  S. W. Gregory,et al.  A nonverbal signal in voices of interview partners effectively predicts communication accommodation and social status perceptions. , 1996, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[68]  J. M. Carroll,et al.  Do facial expressions signal specific emotions? Judging emotion from the face in context. , 1996, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[69]  C. Gray,et al.  The effects of audience laughter on men's and women's responses to humor. , 1996, The Journal of social psychology.

[70]  R. Levenson.  Biological substrates of empathy and facial modulation of emotion: Two facets of the scientific legacy of John Lanzetta , 1996 .

[71]  K. Scherer,et al.  Acoustic profiles in vocal emotion expression. , 1996, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[72]  D. Perrett,et al.  Categorical Perception of Morphed Facial Expressions , 1996 .

[73]  G. Bonanno,et al.  A study of laughter and dissociation: distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[74]  P. Marler,et al.  The psychology of facial expression: Animal sounds and human faces: Do they have anything in common? , 1997 .

[75]  I. Linnankoski,et al.  Expression or emotional-motivational connotations with a one-word utterance. , 1997, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[76]  P. Lieberman,et al.  Fundamental frequency of phonation and perceived emotional stress. , 1997, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[77]  C. Nelson,et al.  The psychology of facial expression: A neurobehavioral approach to the recognition of facial expressions in infancy , 1997 .

[78]  James A. Russell,et al.  The psychology of facial expression: What does a facial expression mean? , 1997 .

[79]  J. Fernández-Dols,et al.  Are Spontaneous Expressions and Emotions Linked? an Experimental Test of Coherence , 1997 .

[80]  J. Russell,et al.  The psychology of facial expression: Frontmatter , 1997 .

[81]  N. Frijda,et al.  Facial expression and modes of action readiness , 1997 .

[82]  J. Russell.  The psychology of facial expression: Reading emotions from and into faces: Resurrecting a dimensional-contextual perspective , 1997 .

[83]  P. Ekman.  Should we call it expression or communication , 1997 .

[84]  Robert R. Provine.  The psychology of facial expression: Yawns, laughs, smiles, tickles, and talking: Naturalistic and laboratory studies of facial action and social communication , 1997 .

[85]  P. Kaplan,et al.  Selective and nonselective associations between speech segments and faces in human infants. , 1997, Developmental psychology.

[86]  Craig A. Smith,et al.  The psychology of facial expression: A Componential Approach to the meaning of facial expressions , 1997 .

[87]  D. Keltner,et al.  Embarrassment: its distinct form and appeasement functions. , 1997, Psychological bulletin.

[88]  J. M. Carroll,et al.  Facial Expressions in Hollywood's Portrayal of Emotion , 1997 .

[89]  D. Rendall,et al.  An Affect-Conditioning Model of Nonhuman Primate Vocal Signaling , 1997 .

[90]  Michelle S.M. Yik Zhaolan Meng James A. Russell.  Brief Report- Adults' Freely Produced Emotion Labels for Babies' Spontaneous Facial Expressions , 1998 .

[91]  Nirbhay N. Singh,et al.  Facial Expressions of Emotion , 1998 .

[92]  D. Keltner,et al.  Culture and Facial Expression: Open-ended Methods Find More Expressions and a Gradient of Recognition , 1999 .

[93]  Murray Alpert,et al.  Emotion in Speech: The Acoustic Attributes of Fear, Anger, Sadness, and Joy , 1999, Journal of psycholinguistic research.

[94]  T. Chartrand,et al.  The chameleon effect: the perception-behavior link and social interaction. , 1999, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[95]  J. Russell,et al.  Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: dissecting the elephant. , 1999, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[96]  J. Bachorowski.  Vocal Expression and Perception of Emotion , 1999 .

[97]  J. Russell,et al.  Interpretation of Faces: A Cross-cultural Study of a Prediction from Fridlund's Theory , 1999 .

[98]  Keith A. Johnson,et al.  Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics , 1997, Phonetica.

[99]  L. Nadel,et al.  Cognitive neuroscience of emotion , 2000 .

[100]  J. Trouvain,et al.  The Prosody of Excitement in Horse Race Commentaries , 2000 .

[101]  F. Strack,et al.  "Mood contagion": the automatic transfer of mood between persons. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[102]  Cecile Pereira.  DIMENSIONS OF EMOTIONAL MEANING IN SPEECH , 2000 .

[103]  R. Reisenzein.  Exploring the Strength of Association between the Components of Emotion Syndromes: The Case of Surprise , 2000 .

[104]  Astrid Paeschke,et al.  Prosodic Characteristics of Emotional Speech: Measurements of Fundamental Frequency Movements , 2000 .

[105]  M. Bradley,et al.  Affective reactions to acoustic stimuli. , 2000, Psychophysiology.

[106]  U. Dimberg,et al.  Unconscious Facial Reactions to Emotional Facial Expressions , 2000, Psychological science.

[107]  M. Bradley,et al.  Measuring emotion: Behavior, feeling, and physiology , 2000 .

[108]  P. Niedenthal,et al.  Emotional state and the detection of change in facial expression of emotion , 2000 .

[109]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Mind at ease puts a smile on the face: psychophysiological evidence that processing facilitation elicits positive affect. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[110]  M. Erb,et al.  Are emotions contagious? Evoked emotions while viewing emotionally expressive faces: quality, quantity, time course and gender differences , 2001, Psychiatry Research.

[111]  J. Bachorowski,et al.  The evolution of emotional experience: A "selfish-gene" account of smiling and laughter in early hominids and humans. , 2001 .

[112]  Craig A. Smith,et al.  Toward delivering on the promise of appraisal theory. , 2001 .

[113]  Jean-Louis Millot,et al.  Effects of pleasant and unpleasant ambient odors on human voice pitch , 2001, Neuroscience Letters.

[114]  J. Bachorowski,et al.  The acoustic features of human laughter. , 2001, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[115]  K. Scherer,et al.  Emotion Inferences from Vocal Expression Correlate Across Languages and Cultures , 2001 .

[116]  K. Scherer.  Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking. , 2001 .

[117]  D. Rendall,et al.  Sound on the rebound: Bringing form and function back to the forefront in understanding nonhuman primate vocal signaling , 2001 .

[118]  L. Tiedens,et al.  Anger and advancement versus sadness and subjugation: the effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[119]  M. Frank,et al.  The forced-choice paradigm and the perception of facial expressions of emotion. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[120]  J. Bachorowski,et al.  Not All Laughs are Alike: Voiced but Not Unvoiced Laughter Readily Elicits Positive Affect , 2001, Psychological science.

[121]  Paul G. Devereux,et al.  Sociality Effects on the Production of Laughter , 2001, The Journal of general psychology.

[122]  P. Ekman,et al.  Linkages between facial expressions of anger and transient myocardial ischemia in men with coronary artery disease. , 2001, Emotion.

[123]  J. Bachorowski,et al.  Infants of Depressed Mothers, Although Competent Learners, Fail to Learn in Response to Their Own Mothers' Infant-Directed Speech , 2002, Psychological science.

[124]  Michael J. Owren,et al.  Vocal acoustics in emotional intelligence. , 2002 .

[125]  J. Russell,et al.  Gender and Preschoolers' Perception of Emotion , 2002 .

[126]  D. Wolke.  Crying as a Sign, a Symptom & a Signal. Clinical, emotional and developmental aspects of infant and toddler crying. Edited by R.G. Barr, B. Hopkins and J. Green. Mac Keith Press, London, 2000. , 2002 .

[127]  Hillary Anger Elfenbein,et al.  On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: a meta-analysis. , 2002, Psychological bulletin.

[128]  Marc Schröder,et al.  Experimental study of affect bursts , 2003, Speech Commun..

[129]  Roddy Cowie,et al.  Describing the emotional states that are expressed in speech , 2003, Speech Commun..

[130]  Dean Keith Simonton,et al.  Qualitative and quantitative analyses of historical data. , 2003, Annual review of psychology.

[131]  J. Fernández-Dols,et al.  Spontaneous facial expressions of happy bowlers and soccer fans , 2003, Cognition & emotion.

[132]  R. Seyfarth,et al.  Signalers and receivers in animal communication. , 2003, Annual review of psychology.

[133]  J. M. Carroll,et al.  Three facial expressions mothers direct to their infants , 2003 .

[134]  Greta L. Doctoroff,et al.  The early education of socioeconomically disadvantaged children. , 2003, Annual review of psychology.

[135]  Michael P. Kaschak,et al.  Neuroimaging studies of language production and comprehension. , 2003, Annual review of psychology.

[136]  Arvid Kappas,et al.  What Facial Activity Can and Cannot Tell us About Emotions , 2003 .

[137]  J. Russell.  Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. , 2003, Psychological review.

[138]  K. Scherer,et al.  Appraisal processes in emotion. , 2003 .

[139]  H. Ellgring,et al.  Nonverbal expression of psychological states in psychiatric patients , 2004, European archives of psychiatry and neurological sciences.