Volcanic Particle Aggregation in Explosive Eruption Columns Part II

A remote learning system combines on-line service information and remote user information with a television signal designed to be received by students using multimedia personal computers. The combined signal is then transmitted to all of the students at their personal computers. At each personal computer, the received signal is separated into its component parts by a VBI modem for display or control on/of the personal computers. Each personal computer is capable of communicating back to a main server over a network such as a public telephone network. A broadcasting facility integrates the information transmitted over the network from a single student with the television signal.

[1]  Michael Herzog,et al.  The effect of phase changes of water on the development of volcanic plumes , 1998 .

[2]  Arlin J. Krueger,et al.  Early evolution of a stratospheric volcanic eruption cloud as observed with TOMS and AVHRR , 1999 .

[3]  A. Woods,et al.  Experiments on gas-ash separation processes in volcanic umbrella plumes , 1996 .

[4]  R. K. Sorem.  Volcanic ash clusters: Tephra rafts and scavengers , 1982 .

[5]  M. Murakami,et al.  Numerical Modeling of Dynamical and Microphysical Evolution of an Isolated Convective Cloud , 1990 .

[6]  Thor H. Hansteen,et al.  The 12 900 years BP Laacher See eruption: estimation of volatile yields and simulation of their fate in the plume , 2003, Geological Society, London, Special Publications.

[7]  Michael Herzog,et al.  Effect of environmental conditions on volcanic plume rise , 1999 .

[8]  Lionel Wilson,et al.  Transport of atmospheric water vapor by volcanic eruption columns , 1997 .

[9]  Andrew W. Woods,et al.  Particle fallout, thermal disequilibrium and volcanic plumes , 1991 .

[10]  H. D. Orville,et al.  Bulk Parameterization of the Snow Field in a Cloud Model , 1983 .

[11]  G. Ernst,et al.  Comment on “Particle aggregation in volcanic eruption columns” by Graham Veitch and Andrew W. Woods , 2004 .

[12]  D. Murcray.  Optical Properties of the Atmosphere , 1968 .

[13]  Andrew W. Woods,et al.  Moist convection and the injection of volcanic ash into the atmosphere , 1993 .

[14]  H. Graf,et al.  Injection of gases into the stratosphere by explosive volcanic eruptions , 2003 .

[15]  A. N. Edelcrantz.  XXV. Description of a new safety-piston for Papin's digester, with the application of it to the boilers of steam-engines, and also of an apparatus for regulating the heat of furnaces , 1803 .

[16]  Stephen Lane,et al.  The origin of accretionary lapilli , 1994 .

[17]  Thomas Trautmann,et al.  Simulation of a biomass-burning plume: Comparison of model results with observations , 2002 .

[18]  Yoshikazu Tanaka,et al.  Atmospheric electric potential gradient measurements of ash clouds generated by pyroclastic flows at Unzen Volcano, Japan , 1996 .

[19]  D. Mckay,et al.  The El Chichon stratospheric cloud : solid particulates and settling rates , 1984 .

[20]  S. Baloga,et al.  Sensitivity of buoyant plume heights to ambient atmospheric conditions: Implications for volcanic eruption columns , 1996 .

[21]  M. James,et al.  Experimental investigation of volcanic particle aggregation in the absence of a liquid phase , 2002 .

[22]  David B. Smith,et al.  Water-soluble material on aerosols collected within volcanic eruption clouds , 1982 .

[23]  B. Albrecht.  Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness , 1989, Science.

[24]  J. Klett,et al.  Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation , 1978, Nature.

[25]  Michael Herzog,et al.  Volcanic plume simulation on large scales , 1998 .

[26]  S. Lane,et al.  Electric potential gradient changes during explosive activity at Sakurajima volcano, Japan , 1992 .

[27]  R. Schumacher.  A reappraisal of Mount St. Helens' ash clusters - depositional model from experimental observation , 1994 .

[28]  M. Andreae,et al.  Chemical processes in a young biomass-burning plume , 2003 .

[29]  Michael Herzog,et al.  A prognostic turbulence scheme for the nonhydrostatic plume model ATHAM , 2003 .

[30]  Haraldur Sigurdsson,et al.  Influence of particle aggregation on deposition of distal tephra from the MAy 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens volcano , 1982 .

[31]  L. J. Cox.  Optical Properties of the Atmosphere , 1979 .