Interdependence of Regional and Global Cerebral Blood Flow during Visual Stimulation: An O-15-Butanol Positron Emission Tomography Study

The authors investigated the influence of variations in global cerebral blood flow (gCBF) on regional flow changes during visual stimulation. Global flow was varied using different end-expiratory CO2 values (Petco2) between 20 and 70 mm Hg. Visual stimulation was performed with a red LED-array flashing at 8 Hz. Blood flow was measured with O-15-butanol, continuous arterial blood sampling, and positron emission tomography (PET). Global flow changes surpassed the published values of O-15-H2O studies, better fitting the results of the inert gas technique (gCBF at 20, 40, and 70 mm Hg Petco2 ± SD was 31 ± 4, 48 ± 13, and 160 ± 50 mL 100 g−1 min−1, respectively). The relation between Petco2 and CBF in the current study was best described by an exponential rather than a linear function. At low Petco2, the activation-induced flow changes are moderately damped, whereas at high Petco2, they are nearly lost (ΔCBF (±SD): 52% ± 25%, 68% ± 22%, 16% ± 25% at Petco2 = 20, 40, 70 mm Hg, respectively).

[1]  T D Cradduck,et al.  National electrical manufacturers association , 1983, Journal of the A.I.E.E..

[2]  C F SCHMIDT,et al.  The effects of active and passive hyperventilation on cerebral blood flow, cerebral oxygen consumption, cardiac output, and blood pressure of normal young men. , 1946, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[3]  S. Kety,et al.  THE NITROUS OXIDE METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IN MAN: THEORY, PROCEDURE AND NORMAL VALUES. , 1948, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[4]  W. Wilson,et al.  The influence of age, anesthesia and cerebral arteriosclerosis on cerebral vascular activity to CO2. , 1953, The American journal of medicine.

[5]  N. Lassen,et al.  Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in man. , 1959, Physiological reviews.

[6]  R. Karler,et al.  The role of carbon dioxide in the nervous system. , 1960, Anesthesiology.

[7]  J. Patterson,et al.  THE CEREBRAL VASCULAR RESPONSE TO REDUCTION IN ARTERIAL CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION , 1961 .

[8]  M. Reivich,et al.  ARTERIAL PCO2 AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS. , 1965, The American journal of physiology.

[9]  Mechanisms of cerebral vasodilatation in hypoxia. , 1970, Journal of applied physiology.

[10]  M. Raichle,et al.  The Effects of Changes in PaCO2 Cerebral Blood Volume, Blood Flow, and Vascular Mean Transit Time , 1974, Stroke.

[11]  B. Siesjö,et al.  Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Consumption in the Rat Brain during Extreme Hypercarbia , 1979, Anesthesiology.

[12]  B. Siesjö,et al.  Cerebral metabolic rate in hypercarbia--a controversy. , 1980, Anesthesiology.

[13]  A. Gjedde,et al.  Rapid simultaneous determination of regional blood flow and blood-brain glucose transfer in brain of rat. , 1980, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[14]  M. Raichle,et al.  Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H2(15)O. I. Theory and error analysis. , 1983, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[15]  Joseph C. LaManna,et al.  Oxygen insufficiency during hypoxic hypoxia in rat brain cortex , 1984, Brain Research.

[16]  M. Raichle,et al.  Stimulus rate dependence of regional cerebral blood flow in human striate cortex, demonstrated by positron emission tomography. , 1984, Journal of neurophysiology.

[17]  N. Lassen,et al.  Normal Average Value of Cerebral Blood Flow in Younger Adults is 50 ml/100 g/min , 1985, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[18]  M J Welch,et al.  Positron Emission Tomographic Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow and Permeability—Surface Area Product of Water Using [15O]Water and [11C]Butanol , 1987, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[19]  M. Raichle,et al.  Neuroanatomical correlates of anticipatory anxiety. , 1989, Science.

[20]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  The Relationship between Global and Local Changes in PET Scans , 1990, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[21]  E A Panacek,et al.  Hyperventilation-Induced Reduction in Cerebral Blood Flow: Assessment by Positron Emission Tomography , 1990, DICP : the annals of pharmacotherapy.

[22]  S. Moncada,et al.  Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. , 1991, Pharmacological reviews.

[23]  L. Adler,et al.  Measurement of Human Cerebral Blood Flow with [15O]Butanol and Positron Emission Tomography , 1991, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[24]  M. Raichle,et al.  PET images of blood flow changes during anxiety: correction. , 1992, Science.

[25]  C Iadecola.  Does nitric oxide mediate the increases in cerebral blood flow elicited by hypercapnia? , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[26]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Changes in global cerebral blood flow in humans: effect on regional cerebral blood flow during a neural activation task. , 1993, The Journal of physiology.

[27]  C Iadecola,et al.  Nitric oxide-dependent and -independent components of cerebrovasodilation elicited by hypercapnia. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[28]  U Pietrzyk,et al.  An interactive technique for three-dimensional image registration: validation for PET, SPECT, MRI and CT brain studies. , 1994, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[29]  I. Kanno,et al.  Photic Stimulation Study of Changing the Arterial Partial Pressure Level of Carbon Dioxide , 1995, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[30]  C. Rose,et al.  Tracer oxygen distribution is barrier-limited in the cerebral microcirculation. , 1995, Circulation research.

[31]  H. Herzog,et al.  Quantitation of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow with 15O-Butanol and Positron Emission Tomography in Humans , 1996, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[32]  G Brix,et al.  Performance evaluation of a whole-body PET scanner using the NEMA protocol. National Electrical Manufacturers Association. , 1997, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[33]  J. Phillis,et al.  Hypercapnia-induced increases in cerebral blood flow: roles of adenosine, nitric oxide and cortical arousal , 1997, Brain Research.

[34]  R. Buxton,et al.  A Model for the Coupling between Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Metabolism during Neural Stimulation , 1997, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.