A model of destination image formation

Abstract Image has been shown to be an important influence in the selection of vacation destinations. A model that represents the important determinants of destination image formation was developed based on previous studies in a number of fields. The research reported in this article presents the results of an empirical test of the model using path analysis. A major finding of the study was that a destination image is formed by both stimulus factors and tourists' characteristics. The results of this investigation provide important implications for strategic image management and can aid in designing and implementing marketing programs for creating and enhancing tourism destination images.

[1]  L. M. Ward,et al.  The behavioral component in the meaning of places , 1983 .

[2]  D. Walmsley,et al.  Appraisive images of tourist areas: application of personal constructs. , 1993 .

[3]  Ken W. McCleary,et al.  The relationship of destination selection attributes to psychological, behavioral and demographic variables. , 1994 .

[4]  D. Brinberg,et al.  Affective Images of Tourism Destinations , 1997 .

[5]  Philip Cooper,et al.  Additional Evidence on the Limited Size of Evoked and Inept Sets of Travel Destinations , 1979 .

[6]  J. Hunt Image as a Factor in Tourism Development , 1975 .

[7]  Robert Fisher,et al.  International Pleasure Travel Motivations and Post-Vacation Cultural Attitude Change , 1991 .

[8]  G. Dann Tourist motivation: an appraisal. , 1981 .

[9]  S. Iso-Ahola,et al.  Toward a social psychological theory of tourism motivation: A rejoinder , 1982 .

[10]  Daniel R. Fesenmaier,et al.  Pictorial element of destination in image formation , 1997 .

[11]  Rick Crandall,et al.  Motivations for leisure. , 1980 .

[12]  Gregory Ashworth,et al.  Marketing in the tourism industry : the promotion of destination regions , 1988 .

[13]  Seyhmus Baloglu,et al.  An Empirical Investigation of Attitude Theory for Tourist Destinations: a Comparison of Visitors and Nonvisitors , 1998 .

[14]  Edward G. Carmines,et al.  Reliability and Validity Assessment , 1979 .

[15]  Richard R. Perdue,et al.  A Benefit-based Segmentation of a Nonresident Summer Travel Market , 1992 .

[16]  Terry E. Dielman,et al.  Pooled cross-sectional and time series data analysis , 1990 .

[17]  J. Crompton An Assessment of the Image of Mexico as a Vacation Destination and the Influence of Geographical Location Upon That Image , 1979 .

[18]  J. Ritchie,et al.  Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies , 1990 .

[19]  J. Crompton Motivations for pleasure vacation , 1979 .

[20]  M. L. Kliman,et al.  A quantitative analysis of Canadian overseas tourism , 1981 .

[21]  J. G. Beard,et al.  Measuring Leisure Motivation , 1983 .

[22]  F. Lawson,et al.  Tourism and recreation development, a handbook of physical planning. , 1977 .

[23]  Kazunori Hanyu,et al.  The affective meaning of Tokyo: Verbal and non-verbal approaches , 1993 .

[24]  H. Assael Consumer behavior and marketing action , 1981 .

[25]  J. N. Goodrich,et al.  The Relationship Between Preferences for and Perceptions of Vacation Destinations: Application of a Choice Model , 1978 .

[26]  Charlotte M. Echtner,et al.  The Measurement of Destination Image: An Empirical Assessment , 1993 .

[27]  J. Neulinger The psychology of leisure , 1981 .

[28]  I. Altman,et al.  Handbook of environmental psychology , 1987 .

[29]  David J. Reibstein,et al.  The Direction of Causality Between Perceptions, Affect, and Behavior: An Application to Travel Behavior , 1980 .

[30]  G. Zinkhan,et al.  In Search of Brand Image: a Foundation Analysis , 1990 .

[31]  Rolph E. Anderson,et al.  Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings , 1979 .

[32]  G. Dann,et al.  Tourists' Images of a Destination-An Alternative Analysis , 1996 .

[33]  W. Husbands,et al.  Social status and perception of tourism in Zambia. , 1989 .

[34]  Joseph T. O'Leary,et al.  Communication channels to segment pleasure travelers. , 1994 .

[35]  R. Gitelson,et al.  The Planning Horizons and Sources of Information Used by Pleasure Vacationers , 1983 .

[36]  J. Elashoff,et al.  Multiple Regression in Behavioral Research. , 1975 .

[37]  William C. Gartner,et al.  Temporal influences on image change. , 1986 .

[38]  J. R. Brent Ritchie,et al.  Assessing the Impact of Hallmark Events: Conceptual and Research Issues , 1984 .

[39]  C. MIN HAN Country Image : Halo or Summary Construct , .

[40]  J. Russell,et al.  A cross-cultural study of a circumplex model of affect. , 1989 .

[41]  William R. Darden,et al.  Patronage behavior and retail management , 1983 .

[42]  Daniel R. Fesenmaier,et al.  Communication and Channel Systems in Tourism Marketing , 1994 .

[43]  A. Woodside,et al.  A General Model Of Traveler Destination Choice , 1989 .

[44]  John G. Myers,et al.  Consumer Image and Attitude , 1969 .

[45]  Brian E. Niven,et al.  Measuring tourists' destination perceptions , 1994 .

[46]  John L. Crompton,et al.  CHOICE SET PROPOSITIONS IN DESTINATION DECISIONS , 1993 .

[47]  David Mazursky,et al.  Exploring the Development of Store Images , 1986 .

[48]  L. Moutinho Consumer Behaviour in Tourism , 1987 .

[49]  P. Pearce Perceived changes in holiday destinations , 1982 .

[50]  J. Ritchie,et al.  Pleasure travel motivation. , 1995 .

[51]  Seoho Um The roles of perceived inhibitors and perceived facilitators in the pleasure travel destination choice process , 1988 .

[52]  P. Kotler,et al.  Marketing places : attracting investment, industry, and tourism to cities, states and nations , 1993 .

[53]  J. Crompton,et al.  Image Differences between Prospective, First-Time, and Repeat Visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley , 1991 .

[54]  Michael D. Olsen,et al.  VNR's encyclopedia of hospitality and tourism , 1993 .

[55]  Rajshekhar G. Javalgi,et al.  US Pleasure Travellers′ Perceptions of Selected European Destinations , 1992 .

[56]  John W. Lounsbury,et al.  Vacation Discrepancy: A Leisure Motivation Approach , 1990 .

[57]  D. Mercer,et al.  The Role of Perception in the Recreation Experience: A Review and Discussion , 1971 .

[58]  M. Holbrook Beyond Attitude Structure: Toward the Informational Determinants of Attitude , 1978 .

[59]  William C. Gartner,et al.  Tourism Image: Attribute Measurement of State Tourism Products Using Multidimensional Scaling Techniques , 1989 .

[60]  Ernest Dichter,et al.  What's In An Image , 1985 .

[61]  D. Dillman,et al.  Mail and telephone surveys , 1978 .

[62]  V. Parker Lessig,et al.  A Framework of Psychological Meaning of Products , 1986 .

[63]  Lawrence M. Ward,et al.  Affective Quality Attributed to Environments , 1981 .

[64]  A. Pizam,et al.  The Role of Awareness and Familiarity with a Destination: The Central Florida Case , 1995 .

[65]  Dennis Menezes,et al.  Alternative Semantic Scaling Formats for Measuring Store Image: An Evaluation , 1979 .

[66]  J. Fridgen,et al.  Use of cognitive maps to determine perceived tourism regions. , 1987 .

[67]  Morris B. Holbrook,et al.  The Formation of Affective Judgments: The Cognitive-Affective Model Versus the Independence Hypothesis , 1988 .

[68]  H. Proshansky,et al.  Place-identity: Physical world socialization of the self , 1983 .

[69]  S. Wiseman,et al.  Education and Environment , 1965 .

[70]  M. Yik A circumplex model of affect and its relation to personality : a five-language study , 1999 .

[71]  A. Morrison,et al.  The Tourism System: An Introductory Text , 1985 .

[72]  Stowe Shoemaker,et al.  Segmentation Of The Senior Pleasure Travel Market , 1989 .

[73]  J. Russell,et al.  A Description of the Affective Quality Attributed to Environments , 1980 .

[74]  C. A. Gunn Vacationscape;: Designing tourist regions , 1972 .

[75]  Z. Ahmed The influence of the components of a state's tourist image on product positioning strategy , 1991 .

[76]  Donald G. Frederick,et al.  A Multi-Brand/Multi-Attribute Model of Tourist State Choice , 1978 .

[77]  Y. Tuan IMAGES AND MENTAL MAPS , 1975 .

[78]  J. Crompton,et al.  Attitude determinants in tourism destination choice , 1990 .

[79]  J. Hunt,et al.  An Analysis of State Image Change Over a Twelve-Year Period (1971-1983 , 1987 .

[80]  Daniel R. Fesenmaier,et al.  Recent Advances in Tourism Marketing Research , 1996 .

[81]  Seyhmus Baloglu,et al.  The relationship between destination images and sociodemographic and trip characteristics of international travellers , 1997 .

[82]  Angela Phelps,et al.  Holiday destination image — the problem of assessment: An example developed in Menorca , 1986 .

[83]  Elazar J. Pedhazur,et al.  Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An Integrated Approach , 1994 .

[84]  Kevin Lynch,et al.  The Image of the City , 1960 .

[85]  Yangzhou Hu,et al.  Measuring Destination Attractiveness: A Contextual Approach , 1993 .

[86]  Reginald Worthley,et al.  American Tourists' Perception of Retail Stores in 12 Selected Countries , 1984 .

[87]  Turgut Var,et al.  Establishing a Measure of Touristic Attractiveness , 1974 .

[88]  Lawrence M. Ward,et al.  The psychological representation of molar physical environments , 1981 .