Canadian economic geography at the millennium

Over the last quarter of a century the Canadian economy experienced a series of profound changes which have affected every level of society. They include new forms of flexible production, fundamental changes in regulation at all spatial scales, structural shifts away from manufacturing towards service sector activities, the rise of information technology (IT) and computerization at the workplace, the feminization of the labour market, and, what has become the leitmotif of the age, globalization. Such changes are intimately connected with geography. By that we mean not merely that they take on a geographical form, but that geography is pan of their very constitution. In this sense Canadian economic geographers are exactly in the right time and the right place to make use of their skills. Indeed, over the last five years there has been an explosion of literature by Canadian economic geographers on precisely these kinds of changes that are simultaneously both economic and geographical. In reviewing that literature the paper begins by situating Canada within its wider global setting, which we then follow by surveying the diverse writing around the three broad sectors that make-up the Canadian economy: the resource sector, the manufacturing sector, and the service sector. We conclude by highlighting two particular research themes within Canadian economic geography that have become especially germane over the late 1990s. The first is on new labour markets and forms of work both of which have been transformed during the last decade; and the second is on new forms of industrial innovation, which are clearly pivotal to the future well-being of the country for the next millennium. Au cours des vingt-cinq dernieres annees, l'economie canadienne a connu une serie, de changements profonds qui ont affecte toutes les couches de la societe. Ces changements comprennent les nouvelles formes de production flexible, les changements fondamentaux dans la reglementation a toutes les echelles spatiales, la mutation structurelle du secteur industriel au secteur tertiaire, la montee de la technologie de l'information (Tl) et l'informatisation sur le lieu de travail, la presence plus importante des femmes sur le marche du travail, et, ce qui est devenu le leitmotiv de notre epoque, la mondialisation. De tels changements sont intimement lies a la geographie. Par la, nous ne disons pas simplement qu'ils prennent une forme geographique, mais que la geographie fait partie integrante de leur constitution. Dans ce sens, les geographes-economistes canadiens arrivent, si l'on peut dire, au bon endroit au bon moment pour mettre leurs connaissances a profit. En effet, on assiste depuis les cinq dernieres annees a une recrudescence impressionnante des travaux de geographes-economistes canadiens portant, precisement, sur ces types de changements qui sont a la fois economiques et geographiques. En faisant le compte-rendu de cette litterature scientifique, cet article situe d'abord le Canada dans son contexte mondial plus large, passe ensuite en revue ce qui a eteecrit au sujet des trois grands secteurs qui forment l'economie canadienne: les secteurs primaire, secondaire et tertiaire. Nous concluons en mettant en relief deux themes de recherches de la geographie economique canadienne qui sont devenus particulierement pertinents depuis la fin des annees 1990. Le premier traite des nouveaux marches du travail et des nouvelles formes de travail, qui ont tous deux subi des transformations au cours de la derniere decennie. Le second traite des nouvelles formes d'innovation industrielle, qui sont cruciales pour le bien-etre futur du pays a l'aube du nouveau millenaire.

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