Fundamentals and Applications of MAPLE

Matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) is an evolution of the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. MAPLE preserves the advantages of the PLD technique (versatility, ease of use, high deposition rates) but in addition offers a gentle mechanism to transfer easy-to-decompose materials from the condensed phase into the vapor phase. The material of interest (polymers, biological cells, proteins, etc.) is diluted in a volatile, noninteracting (even under laser irradiation) solvent with a typical concentration of a few weight percent and frozen at the liquid nitrogen temperature. The frozen target is irradiated with a pulsed laser beam, whose energy is principally absorbed by the solvent and converted into thermal energy, allowing the solvent to vaporize. The molecules of the material of interest receive enough kinetic energy through collective collisions with the evaporating solvent to be transferred in the gas phase and finally deposited on a suitable substrate. Here, important results of MAPLE deposition of polymers are illustrated, and a novel application is presented: MAPLE deposition of nanoparticles and nanoparticle films. Finally, fundamentals of the MAPLE mechanism are discussed.

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