Ion-Selective Electrodes

I. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE The term 'ion-selective electrodes' is applied to a range of membrane electrodes which respond selectively toward one (or several) ionic species in the presence of others. The less-preferred term 'ion-specific' is not favored1 because these electrodes are rarely specific in their response to one ionic species over others, although this is a desirable property sought by the designer of new electrodes. The description membrane is used here in its broadest sense to denote a thin section of electrically conducting material separating two solutions and across which a potential develops. Often the term membrane has associated with it the notion of permeability to a species present in the flanking solutions. However, although this is undoubtedly true with certain porous biological and synthetic membranes, the actual mechanism of electrical conduction in general varies with the type of membrane material; indeed it may change within it.

[1]  R. Bates,et al.  Ionic hydration and single ion activities in mixtures of electrolytes with a common unhydrated anion , 1973 .

[2]  G. Baum,et al.  Polymer membrane electrodes: Part II. A potassium ion-selective membrane electrode , 1973 .

[3]  M. Sharp.  A study of liquid-membrane perchlorate-selective electrodes made from an organic radical ion salt , 1973 .

[4]  K. Tóth,et al.  A potassium-selective silicone-rubber membrane electrode based on a neutral carrier , 1973 .

[5]  W. E. Morf,et al.  Modellberechnung der EMK und der Ionenselektivität von Membranelektroden‐Messketten , 1973 .

[6]  Dennis H. Evans,et al.  New model for the response of a cyanide selective silver iodide membrane electrode , 1973 .

[7]  S. I. Epstein,et al.  Calcium ion-selective electrode in which a membrane contacts graphite directly , 1973 .

[8]  R. G. Burr.  A source of error with the calcium-specific ion electrode. Solvent effects in aqueous solution. , 1973, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.

[9]  J. Veselý,et al.  Similarity between the glass and lanthanum fluoride electrodes , 1973 .

[10]  J. Koryta,et al.  Theory and applications of ion-selective electrodes , 1972 .

[11]  A. Covington,et al.  The dissociation constant of HF. An undergraduate experiment with the lanthanum fluoride ion selective electrode , 1972 .

[12]  J. Ruzicka,et al.  Selectrode®—The universal ion-selective solid-state electrode: Part II. Comparison of copper(II) electrodes in metal buffers and compleximetric titrations , 1972 .

[13]  G. Rechnitz,et al.  Sulfate ion-selective membrane electrode , 1972 .

[14]  J. Buffle,et al.  Errors in the gran addition method: Part I. Theoretical calculation of statistical errors , 1972 .

[15]  H. J. James,et al.  Role of solvent extraction parameters in liquid membrane ion-selective electrodes. , 1972, Analytical chemistry.

[16]  L. H. Kempen,et al.  The CO2-quinhydrone electrode. A new method to measure partial CO2 pressure in gases and liquids , 1972 .

[17]  H. Hirata,et al.  Ion-selective chalcogenide electrodes for a number of cations. , 1972, Talanta.

[18]  R. Buck,et al.  Ion selective electrodes, potentiometry, and potentiometric titrations. , 1972, Analytical chemistry.

[19]  G. Rechnitz,et al.  Selectivity of cyclic polyether type liquid membrane electrodes , 1972 .

[20]  H. J. James,et al.  Coated wire ion-selective electrodes. , 1971, Analytical chemistry.

[21]  B. Karlberg.  Nomograph for known addition methods in analysis with ion-selective electrodes , 1971 .

[22]  A. Wikby.  The surface resistance of glass electrodes in acid solutions , 1971 .

[23]  F. Baucke.  Standard potentials (ɛ0′+ɛj) of the Thalamid® reference electrode, Hg, Tl(40 wt%)|TlCl(s)|KCl(s)‖…, in aqueous solution between 5 and 90°C , 1971 .

[24]  N. Ishibashi,et al.  Perchlorate Ion-Selective Electrodes with the Liquid Membranes of the O-Phenanthroline Chelate or its Related Compounds , 1971 .

[25]  R. Bates,et al.  Potassium fluoride. Reference standard for fluoride ion activity , 1971 .

[26]  B. Fleet,et al.  Analytical evaluation of a cyanide-ion selective membrane electrode under flow-stream conditions , 1971 .

[27]  W. M. Haynes,et al.  Application of the Salicylate Ion Electrode for the Monitoring of the Electroreduction of Salicylic Acid , 1971 .

[28]  A. Covington,et al.  A simple titration cell-electrode assembly for liquid ion-exchange selective electrodes , 1971 .

[29]  R. Levins.  Barium ion-selective electrode based on a neutral carrier complex , 1971 .

[30]  R. Durst.  Ion-selective electrodes in science, medicine, and technology. , 1971, American Scientist.

[31]  E. W. Baumann.  Sensitivity of the fluoride-selective electrode below the micromolar range , 1971 .

[32]  F. A. Schultz.  Titration errors and curve shapes in potentiometric titrations employing ion-selective indicator electrodes , 1971 .

[33]  C. T. Baker,et al.  Ion Selective Electrochemical Sensors—Fe+3, Cu+2 , 1971 .

[34]  G. Johansson,et al.  Ion-selective electrodes based on 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane-radical salts , 1971 .

[35]  W. Bazzelle,et al.  Applications of ion-selective electrodes , 1971 .

[36]  P. Carr.  Intrinsic End-Point Errors in Precipitation Titrations with Ion Selective Electrodes , 1971 .

[37]  G. Rechnitz,et al.  Enzyme electrode for amygdalin. , 1971, Analytical chemistry.

[38]  G G Guilbault,et al.  Enzyme electrode probes , 1971, Pure and applied chemistry. Chimie pure et appliquee.

[39]  Garry A. Rechnitz,et al.  Computer approach to ion-selective electrode potentiometry by standard addition methods , 1970 .

[40]  H. Hirata,et al.  Copper(I) sulphide-impregnated silicone rubber membranes as selective electrodes for copper(II) ions. , 1970, Talanta.

[41]  K. Date,et al.  Copper(I) sulfide ceramic membranes as selective electrodes for Copper(II) , 1970 .

[42]  R. Bates,et al.  Ionic hydration and single ion activities in unassociated chlorides at high ionic strengths , 1970 .

[43]  W. Simon,et al.  Ion selective sensors , 1970 .

[44]  G. Rechnitz,et al.  Differential potentiometry with ion-selective electrodes. New instrumental approach , 1970 .

[45]  G. Rechnitz,et al.  Potentiometric Measurements in Aqueous, Non-Aqueous, and Biological Media Using a Lead Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode , 1970 .

[46]  G. Rechnitz,et al.  Mechanistic studies on crystal-membrane ion-selective electrodes , 1970 .

[47]  G. Baum.  An Organic Cation-Selective Electrode: Potentiometric Determination of Acetylcholine Activity , 1970 .

[48]  M. S. Frant,et al.  Potassium Ion Specific Electrode with High Selectivity for Potassium over Sodium , 1970, Science.

[49]  J. Tjell,et al.  The liquid-state electrode (A preliminary communication) , 1970 .

[50]  R. E. Cosgrove,et al.  A Solid Potassium Ion Selective Electrode , 1970 .

[51]  G. Baum,et al.  Direct potentiometric measurement of potassium in blood serum with liquid ion-exchange electrode. , 1970, Clinical chemistry.

[52]  W. Simon,et al.  Highly Selective Potassium Ion Responsive Liquid-Membrane Electrode , 1969 .

[53]  R. M. Wallace,et al.  Cupric-selective electrode with copper(II)-EDTA for end point detection in chelometric titrations of metal ions , 1969 .

[54]  M. S. Frant,et al.  Chelometric indicator titrations with the solid-state cupric ion-selective electrode , 1969 .

[55]  G. Johansson,et al.  The resistance and intrinsic time constant of glass electrodes , 1969 .

[56]  T. Anfält,et al.  Effect of acetate buffer on the potentiometric titration of fluoride with lanthanum using a lanthanum fluoride membrane electrode , 1969 .

[57]  M. Mascini,et al.  An analytical study of a new type of halide-sensitive electrode prepared from silver halides and thermoplastic polymers , 1969 .

[58]  G. Rechnitz,et al.  Selectivity studies on liquid membrane, ion-selective electrodes , 1969 .

[59]  M. S. Frant,et al.  Potentiometric titrations of sulfate using an ion-selective lead electrode , 1969 .

[60]  R. Buck,et al.  Solid Ion-Exchange Electrode Selective for Calcium Ion , 1968, Science.

[61]  E. W. Baumann.  Determination of lithium by potentiometric titration with fluoride , 1968 .

[62]  J. W. Ross,et al.  Electrochemical generation of fluoride ion by solid-state transference , 1968 .

[63]  G. Rechnitz,et al.  Analytical study of a sulfide ion-selective membrane electrode in alkaline solution , 1968 .

[64]  M. S. Frant,et al.  Use of a total ionic strength adjustment buffer for electrode determination of fluoride in water supplies. , 1968, Analytical chemistry.

[65]  R. Dubois,et al.  Potentiometric titration of perchlorate with tetraphenylarsonium chloride and a perchlorate ion specific electrode , 1968 .

[66]  G. Matsuyama,et al.  JUNCTION POTENTIAL VARIATIONS IN BLOOD pH MEASUREMENTS , 1968, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[67]  E. Pungor.  Theory and application of anion selective membrane electrodes , 1967 .

[68]  H. Saroff,et al.  Fabrication and evaluation of membranes as specific electrodes for calcium ions. , 1967, Biophysical journal.

[69]  R. Durst,et al.  Modification of the fluoride activity electrode for microchemical analysis , 1967 .

[70]  Shatkay.  Ion specific membranes as electrodes in determination of activity of calcium , 1967 .

[71]  J. Lingane.  A study of the lanthanum fluoride membrane electrode for end point detection in titrations of fluoride with thorium, lanthanum, and calcium , 1967 .

[72]  J. W. Ross,et al.  Calcium-Selective Electrode with Liquid Ion Exchanger , 1967, Science.

[73]  W. Simon,et al.  Ion specific electrochemical behavior of macrotetrolides in membranes , 1967 .

[74]  M. S. Frant,et al.  Electrode for Sensing Fluoride Ion Activity in Solution , 1966, Science.

[75]  E. Pungor,et al.  Theorie und Anwendung der heterogenen Gummimembranelektroden für die Bestimmung einiger Ionen , 1966 .

[76]  G. Rechnitz,et al.  Analytical Study of an Iodide-Sensitive Membrane Electrode. , 1966 .

[77]  D. Lunney,et al.  A Study of Some Concentration Cells with Liquid Ion-Exchanger Membranes , 1966 .

[78]  K. Sollner,et al.  Liquid Ion-Exchange Membranes of Extreme Selectivity and High Permeability for Anions , 1964 .

[79]  C. Baes.  THE EXTRACTION OF METALLIC SPECIES BY DIALKYLPHOSPHORIC ACIDS , 1962 .

[80]  R. Fischer,et al.  Electrodes Consisting of Membranes of Precipitates , 1958 .

[81]  J. Severinghaus,et al.  Electrodes for blood pO2 and pCO2 determination. , 1958, Journal of applied physiology.

[82]  J. S. Parsons.  Permselective Membrane Electrodes. Analytical Applications , 1958 .

[83]  E. A. Guggenheim,et al.  Standard Electrode Potential of the Silver, Silver Chloride Electrode , 1956 .

[84]  H. Gregor,et al.  The Potentiometric Determination of Cations and Anions with Permselective Collodion and Protamine–Collodion Membrane Electrodes , 1954 .

[85]  H. W. Patnode,et al.  The The Development of Membranes Prepared from Artificial Cation-Exchange Materials with Particular Reference to the Determination of Sodium-Ion Activities. , 1950 .

[86]  R. Robinson,et al.  Ionic hydration and activity in electrolyte solutions. , 1948, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[87]  K. Sollner.  The Physical Chemistry of Membranes with Particular Reference to the Electrical Behavior of Membranes of Porous Character. I. The Nature of Physicochemical Membranes—Membranes as Physicochemical Machines; Preparation and Properties of Membranes of Highly Pronouned Electrical Properties , 1945 .

[88]  K. Sollner,et al.  THE STRUCTURE OF THE COLLODION MEMBRANE AND ITS ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR , 1944, The Journal of general physiology.

[89]  K. Sollner.  A NEW POTENTIOMETRIC METHOD TO DETERMINE CATIONS AND ANIONS WITH COLLODION AND PROTAMINE-COLLODION “MEMBRANE ELECTRODES” , 1943 .

[90]  C. E. Marshall,et al.  The Electrochemical Properties of Mineral Membranes. I. The Estimation of Potassium Ion Activities , 1941 .

[91]  C. E. Marshall,et al.  The Use of Zeolitic Membrane Electrodes. , 1939 .

[92]  I. Kolthoff,et al.  Electric Potentials at Crystal Surfaces, and at Silver Halide Surfaces in Particular , 1937 .

[93]  H. Tendeloo,et al.  A new and easy method for the potentiometric determination of calcium concentrations in solutions. , 1936 .

[94]  E. A. Guggenheim.  A STUDY OF CELLS WITH LIQUID-LIQUID JUNCTIONS , 1930 .

[95]  F. Haber,et al.  Über elektrische Phasengrenzkräfte , 1909 .

[96]  O. Ryba,et al.  Potassium polymeric membrane electrodes based on neutral carriers , 1973 .

[97]  G. J. Moody,et al.  Nitrate ion selective electrodes based on poly(vinyl chloride) matrix membranes , 1972 .

[98]  G. J. Moody,et al.  An investigation of the optimum composition of poly(vinyl chloride) matrix membranes used for selective calcium-sensitive electrodes , 1972 .

[99]  E. Pretsch,et al.  A synthetic, electrically neutral carrier for Ca , 1972 .

[100]  N. Ishibashi,et al.  Sulfonate ion selective electrode of liquid membrane type , 1972 .

[101]  H. K. Frensdorff,et al.  Macrocyclic polyethers and their complexes. , 1972, Angewandte Chemie.

[102]  T. Mussini,et al.  Behaviour of Solutions of Tetraalkylammonium Salts in Ethyl Bromide as Liquid Membranes , 1971 .

[103]  G. J. Moody,et al.  Selective ion sensitive electrodes , 1971 .

[104]  J. Ruzicka,et al.  A new type of solid-state ion-selective electrodes with insoluble sulphides or halides , 1971 .

[105]  J. Ruzicka,et al.  The liquid-state, iodide-selective electrode , 1971 .

[106]  G. J. Moody,et al.  A calcium-sensitive electrode based on a liquid ion exchanger in a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix , 1970 .

[107]  S. Manahan.  Fluoride electrode as a reference in the determination of nitrate ion , 1970 .

[108]  E. Pungor,et al.  Ion-selective membrane electrodes. A review , 1970 .

[109]  M. Morris,et al.  Titrimetric determination of nitrate with diphenylthallium(III) sulfate , 1970 .

[110]  G. Christian,et al.  Response Characteristics of the Orion Potassium Ion Selective Electrode , 1970 .

[111]  W. Simon,et al.  Mechanismus und Selektivität des Alkali‐Ionentransportes in Modell‐Membranen in Gegenwart des Antibioticums Valinomycin , 1970 .

[112]  W. Mcbryde.  The pH meter as a hydrogen-ion concentration probe , 1969 .

[113]  R. Durst.  Ion-selective electrodes : proceedings , 1969 .

[114]  J. N. Butler,et al.  Calcium activity measurements using a liquid ion exchange electrode in concentrated aqueous solutions , 1969 .

[115]  W. D. Shults,et al.  An Evaluat Ion of the Performance of the Nitrate-Selective Electrode , 1967 .

[116]  G. Rechnitz,et al.  Potentiometric Measurements with SO4 −2 and PO4 −3 Sensitive Membrane Electrodes , 1967 .

[117]  G. Eisenman,et al.  The glass electrode , 1966 .

[118]  S. Morazzani-Pelletier,et al.  Sur les électrodes de membranes , 1965 .

[119]  R. Bates,et al.  Determination of pH;: Theory and practice , 1964 .

[120]  B. Alfredsson,et al.  Separation of hydroxy acids by ion exchange chromatography , 1962 .

[121]  R. Bates,et al.  Report on the standardization of pH and related terminology , 1960 .

[122]  W. Wynne-Jones,et al.  The behaviour of mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and water. Part 2.—The determination of pH scales , 1955 .

[123]  G. Gran,et al.  Determination of the Equivalent Point in Potentiometric Titrations. , 1950 .

[124]  H. Gregor,et al.  Improved methods of preparation of permselective collodion membranes combining extreme ionic selectivity with high permeability. , 1946, The Journal of physical chemistry.

[125]  W. Bergman,et al.  The Electrochemical Properties of Mineral Membranes. II. Measurement of Potassium-ion Activities in Colloidal Clays. , 1942 .

[126]  G. Haugaard.  The Mechanism of the Glass Electrode. , 1941 .

[127]  B. Lengyel,et al.  The behaviour of the glass electrode in connection with its chemical composition , 1934 .

[128]  F. Haber.  Über feste Elektrolyte, ihre Zersetzung durch den Strom und ihr elektromotorisches Verhalten in galvanischen Ketten , 1908 .