Serum levels of ACE2 are higher in patients with obesity and diabetes

As severity of outcome in COVID‐19 is disproportionately higher among individuals with obesity, smokers, patients with hypertension, kidney disease, chronic pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease (CHD), and/or type 2 diabetes (T2D), serum levels of ACE2, the cellular entry point for the coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2, were examined in these high‐risk groups.

[1]  J. Lamb,et al.  It's in Our Blood: A Glimpse of Personalized Medicine. , 2020, Trends in molecular medicine.

[2]  K. Bhaskaran,et al.  OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19 death in 17 million patients , 2020, Nature.

[3]  J. Inal Decoy ACE2-expressing extracellular vesicles that competitively bind SARS-CoV-2 as a possible COVID-19 therapy , 2020, Clinical science.

[4]  P. Horby,et al.  Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: prospective observational cohort study , 2020, BMJ.

[5]  J. Wise A third of covid-19 patients admitted to UK hospitals die , 2020, BMJ.

[6]  Hangyuan Guo,et al.  Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis , 2020, Journal of Infection.

[7]  Norbert Stefan,et al.  Obesity and impaired metabolic health in patients with COVID-19 , 2020, Nature Reviews Endocrinology.

[8]  Iain B McInnes,et al.  Obesity a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19 Infection: Multiple Potential Mechanisms. , 2020, Circulation.

[9]  Eun Ji Kim,et al.  Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area. , 2020, JAMA.

[10]  R. Pranata,et al.  Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia – A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression , 2020, Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews.

[11]  Emily N. Ussery,et al.  Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 — United States, February 12–March 28, 2020 , 2020, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[12]  Jason M. Sheltzer,et al.  Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Inflammatory Signaling Increase the Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 in the Respiratory Tract , 2020, bioRxiv.

[13]  J. Xiang,et al.  Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study , 2020, The Lancet.

[14]  B. Graham,et al.  Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation , 2020, Science.

[15]  Ralph S. Baric,et al.  Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus , 2020, Journal of Virology.

[16]  Hongzhou Lu,et al.  Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle , 2020, Journal of medical virology.

[17]  Xia Yang,et al.  Co-regulatory networks of human serum proteins link genetics to disease , 2018, Science.

[18]  B. Blomberg,et al.  Aging, Obesity, and Inflammatory Age-Related Diseases , 2017, Front. Immunol..

[19]  Eric P. Hoffman,et al.  Large-scale serum protein biomarker discovery in Duchenne muscular dystrophy , 2015, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[20]  M. Freeman,et al.  From gene to protein—experimental and clinical studies of ACE2 in blood pressure control and arterial hypertension , 2014, Front. Physiol..

[21]  Tracy R. Keeney,et al.  Aptamer-based multiplexed proteomic technology for biomarker discovery , 2010, PloS one.

[22]  C. Schmid,et al.  A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. , 2009, Annals of internal medicine.

[23]  L. Cassis,et al.  ACE2 is expressed in mouse adipocytes and regulated by a high-fat diet. , 2008, American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology.

[24]  V. Gudnason,et al.  Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study: multidisciplinary applied phenomics. , 2007, American journal of epidemiology.

[25]  G. Hotamisligil,et al.  Inflammation and metabolic disorders , 2006, Nature.

[26]  Robert Hultquist MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION , 2006, Statistical Methods for Biomedical Research.

[27]  William E Grizzle,et al.  Standard operating procedures for serum and plasma collection: early detection research network consensus statement standard operating procedure integration working group. , 2009, Journal of proteome research.