Constraints on the assembly of spherical virus particles.

Examination of protein structure shows that it is not possible to deform protein domains to the extent required by the Caspar-Klug quasi-symmetry surface lattices for the description of viral capsids (D. L. D. Caspar and A. Klug (1962). Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 27, 1-24). However, flexibility in proteins can be achieved by a number of ligand-induced events. One type of alteration is that of quaternary structural changes in oligomers. This strategy has been used by southern bean mosaic virus and tomato bushy stunt virus where dimers attain two different states in the assembled capsid. Alterations of subunit interactions can be induced by association with RNA, cations, or other oligomeric units and, hence, successful assembly results from a stepwise aggregation. The nature of the oligomers (dimers, trimers, or pentamers) must be the underlying reason for the occurrence of the Caspar-Klug lattices and the organization into icosahedra. An analysis of the surface lattices shows which types of oligomers will be necessary for assembly.

[1]  T. A. Jones,et al.  Structure of satellite tobacco necrosis virus at 3.0 A resolution. , 1982, Journal of molecular biology.

[2]  M. Rossmann,et al.  Subunit interactions in southern bean mosaic virus. , 1983, Journal of molecular biology.

[3]  J. Finch,et al.  The structures of turnip crinkle and tomato bushy stunt viruses. I. A small protein particle derived from turnip crinkle virus. , 1970, Journal of molecular biology.

[4]  A. Klug,et al.  Physical principles in the construction of regular viruses. , 1962, Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology.

[5]  I. Wilson,et al.  Structure of the haemagglutinin membrane glycoprotein of influenza virus at 3 Å resolution , 1981, Nature.

[6]  James D. Watson,et al.  Virus Structure: General Principles , 1957 .

[7]  H. Eklund,et al.  3 Alcohol Dehydrogenases , 1975 .

[8]  J. King,et al.  Regulation of Structural Protein Interactions as Revealed in Phage Morphogenesis , 1980 .

[9]  G. Bricogne,et al.  The structure of the protein disk of tobacco mosaic virus to 5 Å resolution , 1976, Nature.

[10]  B. Matthews,et al.  Structure of a bacteriochlorophyll a-protein from the green photosynthetic bacterium Prosthecochloris aestuarii. , 1979, Journal of molecular biology.

[11]  P. Vachette,et al.  Self-assembly of brome mosaic virus capsids. Kinetic study using neutron and X-ray solution scattering. , 1983, Journal of molecular biology.

[12]  B. Strandberg,et al.  Structural comparisons of some small spherical plant viruses. , 1983, Journal of molecular biology.

[13]  Keith R. Yamamoto,et al.  Biological Regulation and Development , 1982, Springer US.

[14]  E. Antonini,et al.  HEMOGLOBIN AND MYOGLOBIN. , 1964, Advances in protein chemistry.

[15]  D. Eisenberg,et al.  New crystal forms of glutamine synthetase and implications for the molecular structure. , 1978, Journal of molecular biology.

[16]  Michael G. Rossmann,et al.  Chemical and biological evolution of a nucleotide-binding protein , 1974, Nature.

[17]  M. Rossmann,et al.  The location of calcium ions in southern bean mosaic virus. , 1981, Virology.

[18]  F. Crick,et al.  Structure of Small Viruses , 1956, Nature.

[19]  R. Huber,et al.  Crystal structure of bovine trypsinogen at 1-8 A resolution. II. Crystallographic refinement, refined crystal structure and comparison with bovine trypsin. , 1977, Journal of molecular biology.

[20]  C. Chothia,et al.  Orthogonal packing of beta-pleated sheets in proteins. , 1982, Biochemistry.

[21]  Robert Huber,et al.  Conformational flexibility and its functional significance in some protein molecules , 1979 .

[22]  W. Hol,et al.  Structure of Panulirus interruptus hemocyanin at 5 A resolution. , 1982, Journal of molecular biology.

[23]  R. Hull,et al.  Studies on alfalfa mosaic virus. II. The structure of the virus components. , 1969, Virology.

[24]  S. Harrison Protein interfaces and intersubunit bonding. The case of tomato bushy stunt virus. , 1980, Biophysical journal.

[25]  J. Mellema,et al.  The quaternary structure of alfalfa mosaic virus. , 1974, Journal of supramolecular structure.

[26]  A M Lesk,et al.  Evolution of proteins formed by beta-sheets. II. The core of the immunoglobulin domains. , 1982, Journal of molecular biology.

[27]  S. Harrison,et al.  Proteolytic dissection of turnip crinkle virus subunit in solution. , 1982, Biochemistry.

[28]  R. Markham,et al.  A study of the self-assembly process in a small spherical virus. Formation of organized structures from protein subunits in vitro. , 1967, Virology.

[29]  H. L. Nixon,et al.  Properties of purified preparations of lucerne mosaic virus. , 1963, Virology.

[30]  M. Rossmann,et al.  Structure of a T = 1 aggregate of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein seen at 4.5 A resolution. , 1983, Journal of molecular biology.

[31]  D. Moras,et al.  Three-dimensional structure of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. , 1974, Journal of molecular biology.

[32]  Hisao Takamatsu,et al.  Chemical evidence for the capsomeric structure of phage Qβ , 1982, Nature.

[33]  M. Hatada,et al.  Structure of 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase at 2 . 8 A resolution. , 1978, Journal of molecular biology.

[34]  M G Rossmann,et al.  Comparison of protein structures. , 1985, Methods in enzymology.

[35]  D. Stammers,et al.  Electron density map of apoferritin at 2.8-Å resolution , 1978, Nature.

[36]  J. L. Crawford,et al.  Three-dimensional structures of aspartate carbamoyltransferase from Escherichia coli and of its complex with cytidine triphosphate. , 1978, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[37]  J. Richardson,et al.  The anatomy and taxonomy of protein structure. , 1981, Advances in protein chemistry.

[38]  R. M. Oliver,et al.  Crystallization and preliminary structural analysis of dihydrolipoyl transsuccinylase, the core of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. , 1971, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[39]  R. Huber,et al.  Crystallographic structure studies of an IgG molecule and an Fc fragment , 1976, Nature.

[40]  D. Hodgkin The Bakerian Lecture, 1972 - Insulin, its chemistry and biochemistry , 1974, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[41]  C. Hsu,et al.  Identity and location of a minor protein component in virions of southern bean mosaic virus.. , 1977, Virology.

[42]  J. E. Mellema,et al.  Coat protein polymerization of alfalfa mosaic virus strain VRU. , 1978, Journal of molecular biology.

[43]  J. Steitz Identification of the A protein as a structural component of bacteriophage R17. , 1968, Journal of molecular biology.

[44]  K. Holmes,et al.  Structure of RNA and RNA binding site in tobacco mosaic virus from 4-Å map calculated from X-ray fibre diagrams , 1977, Nature.

[45]  John E. Johnson,et al.  Structure of southern bean mosaic virus at 2.8 Å resolution , 1980, Nature.

[46]  Arthur J. Olson,et al.  Structure of tomato bushy stunt virus IVThe virus particle at 29resolution , 1983 .

[47]  J. E. Mellema,et al.  An electron microscopic investigation of the structure of alfalfa mosaic virus. , 1981, Journal of molecular biology.

[48]  M. Rossmann,et al.  Assembly and crystallization of a T = 1 icosahedral particle from trypsinized southern bean mosaic virus coat protein. , 1982, Virology.

[49]  T. Baker,et al.  Polyoma virus ‘hexamer’ tubes consist of paired pentamers , 1983, Nature.

[50]  D L Caspar,et al.  Movement and self-control in protein assemblies. Quasi-equivalence revisited. , 1980, Biophysical journal.

[51]  R. Staden,et al.  Protein disk of tobacco mosaic virus at 2.8 Å resolution showing the interactions within and between subunits , 1978, Nature.

[52]  J. E. Mellema,et al.  Characterization of alfalfa-mosaic-virus protein polymerization in the presence of nucleic acid. , 1978, European journal of biochemistry.

[53]  Richard Earl Dickerson,et al.  Hemoglobin : structure, function, evolution, and pathology , 1983 .

[54]  I. K. Robinson,et al.  Structure of the expanded state of tomato bushy stunt virus , 1982, Nature.

[55]  R. Fletterick,et al.  The regulation of glycogen phosphorylase alpha by nucleotide derivatives. Kinetic and x-ray crystallographic studies. , 1978, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[56]  S. Harrison,et al.  Tomato bushy stunt virus at 2.9 Å resolution , 1978, Nature.

[57]  T. Steitz,et al.  Space-filling models of kinase clefts and conformation changes. , 1979, Science.

[58]  I. Rayment,et al.  Polyoma virus capsid structure at 22.5 Å resolution , 1982, Nature.

[59]  J. King,et al.  Regulation of coat protein polymerization by the scaffolding protein of bacteriophage P22. , 1980, Biophysical journal.

[60]  William R. Taylor,et al.  Analysis and prediction of protein β-sheet structures by a combinatorial approach , 1980, Nature.

[61]  J. E. Mellema,et al.  Alfalfa mosaic virus protein polymerization. , 1977, Journal of molecular biology.

[62]  M. Rossmann,et al.  Structural constraints of possible mechanisms of lactate dehydrogenase as shown by high resolution studies of the apoenzyme and a variety of enzyme complexes. , 1972, Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology.

[63]  J. Bancroft The self-assembly of spherical plant viruses. , 1970, Advances in virus research.

[64]  R. Huber,et al.  Functional significance of flexibility in proteins , 1982, Biopolymers.

[65]  M. Rossmann,et al.  Structure of Lactate Dehydrogenase at 2.8 Å Resolution , 1970, Nature.

[66]  J. Tremaine,et al.  Limited proteolysis of southern bean mosaic virus by trypsin. , 1978, Virology.

[67]  M. Sternberg,et al.  An analysis of the three-dimensional structure of chicken triose phosphate isomerase. , 1977, Biochemical Society transactions.

[68]  J. N. Varghese,et al.  Structure of the influenza virus glycoprotein antigen neuraminidase at 2.9 Å resolution , 1983, Nature.

[69]  Leonard J. Banaszak,et al.  Polypeptide conformation of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase from an electron density map at 3.0 Å resolution , 1972 .

[70]  H. Eklund,et al.  Structural comparisons of mammalian, yeast and bacillar alcohol dehydrogenases. , 1976, Journal of molecular biology.

[71]  T. Steitz,et al.  High resolution crystal structures of yeast hexokinase complexes with substrates, activators, and inhibitors. Evidence for an allosteric control site. , 1977, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[72]  J. Erickson,et al.  The self-assembly of the cowpea strain of southern bean mosaic virus: formation of T = 1 and T = 3 nucleoprotein particles. , 1983, Virology.