To Hope or to Know: Coping with Uncertainty and Ambivalence in Women's Magazine Breast Cancer Articles

Breast cancer is one of the most feared diseases in contemporary Western society. Popular women's magazines are important sources of information about and orientation to the disease. The current study applies problematic integration theory in an interpretive analysis of all breast cancer articles appearing in five top-circulating women's magazines between 1997 and 2002. In so doing, the study illuminates two major challenges (uncertainty and ambivalence) and several imperfect approaches to coping constructed in this discourse (simplification, information-seeking/provision, affect management, trusting intuition, sustaining hope, and metaphoric reframing). These results have several clear and important practical implications and highlight a major and largely untried direction for future research.

[1]  Thomas R. Lindlof Qualitative Communication Research Methods , 1994 .

[2]  Julie L. Andsager,et al.  Patient-Blaming and Representation of Risk Factors in Breast Cancer Images , 2001, Women & health.

[3]  Everett M. Rogers,et al.  Combating AIDS: Communication Strategies in Action , 2002 .

[4]  S. Haas,et al.  Communication in the management of uncertainty: The case of persons living with HIV or AIDS , 2000 .

[5]  C. Guest,et al.  AIDS and its metaphors. , 1989, Social science & medicine.

[6]  Donald N. Levine,et al.  The Flight from Ambiguity: Essays in Social and Cultural Theory , 1988 .

[7]  G. Lakoff,et al.  Metaphors We Live by , 1982 .

[8]  A. Babrow Communication and problematic integration: Milan Kundera's “lost letters” in the book of laughter and forgetting , 1995 .

[9]  Paul M. Haridakis,et al.  Mass Communication Research at the Dawn of the 21st Century , 2001 .

[10]  K. N. Kline Cultural Sensitivity and Health Promotion: Assessing Breast Cancer Education Pamphlets Designed for African American Women , 2007, Health communication.

[11]  C. Atkin,et al.  Using media campaigns for health promotion. , 2003 .

[12]  D. Lupton Femininity, Responsibility, and the Technological Imperative: Discourses on Breast Cancer in the Australian Press , 1994, International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation.

[13]  P. Pezzullo Resisting “national breast cancer awareness month”: the rhetoric of counterpublics and their cultural performances , 2003 .

[14]  Julie L. Andsager,et al.  Social or Economic Concerns: How News and Women's Magazines Framed Breast Cancer in the 1990s , 1999 .

[15]  Steven Schwartz,et al.  Medical Thinking: The Psychology of Medical Judgment and Decision Making , 1986 .

[16]  A. Babrow,et al.  Uncertainty, Value, Communication, and Problematic Integration , 2001 .

[17]  M. Mori,et al.  Medicine, Media, and Celebrities: News Coverage of Breast Cancer, 1960–1995 , 1999 .

[18]  J. Brehm A theory of psychological reactance. , 1981 .

[19]  D. Lupton,et al.  Discourse analysis: a new methodology for understanding the ideologies of health and illness. , 2010, Australian journal of public health.

[20]  Matthew B. Miles,et al.  Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook , 1994 .

[21]  Susan M. Yadlon SKINNY WOMEN AND GOOD MOTH Kt S: 'THE RHETORIC OF RISK, CONTROL, AND CULPABILITY IN THE PRODUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BREAST CANCER , 1997 .

[22]  M. Mishel Uncertainty in illness. , 1988, Image--the journal of nursing scholarship.

[23]  F. Chew,et al.  Testing the influence of the health belief model and a television program on nutrition behavior. , 1998, Health communication.

[24]  W. K. Jones,et al.  Awareness, perception, and knowledge of heart disease risk and prevention among women in the United States. American Heart Association Women's Heart Disease and Stroke Campaign Task Force. , 2000, Archives of family medicine.

[25]  M. Vanderford,et al.  The Silicone Breast Implant Story: Communication and Uncertainty , 1996 .

[26]  S. M. Miller,et al.  Monitoring and blunting: validation of a questionnaire to assess styles of information seeking under threat. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[27]  P. Lantz,et al.  The social construction of the breast cancer epidemic. , 1998, Social science & medicine.

[28]  Austin S.Babrow,et al.  Managing Uncertainty in Illness Explanation: An Application of Problematic Integration Theory , 1999 .

[29]  Peter C Gøtzsche,et al.  Is screening for breast cancer with mammography justifiable? , 2000, The Lancet.

[30]  Walid A. Afifi,et al.  Toward a Theory of Motivated Information Management , 2004 .

[31]  Lynn M. Harter,et al.  Narratives, Health, and Healing: Communication Theory, Research, and Practice , 2005 .

[32]  Emily Martin,et al.  Flexible Bodies: Tracking Immunity in American Culture-from the Days of Polio to the Age of AIDS , 1995 .

[33]  Cynthia Stohl,et al.  Social support messages and the management of uncertainty in the experience of breast cancer: An application of problematic integration theory , 1996 .

[34]  A. Babrow,et al.  The many meanings of uncertainty in illness: toward a systematic accounting. , 1998, Health communication.

[35]  James Mathers,et al.  Illness as Metaphor , 1981 .

[36]  S. Haas,et al.  The patient self-advocacy scale: measuring patient involvement in health care decision-making interactions. , 1999, Health communication.

[37]  Dawn O. Braithwaite,et al.  Explaining Communication : Contemporary Theories and Exemplars , 2013 .

[38]  A. Babrow,et al.  From "reducing" to "coping with" uncertainty: reconceptualizing the central challenge in breast self-exams. , 2000, Social science & medicine.

[39]  James A. Anderson,et al.  Communication Theory: Epistemological Foundations , 1996 .

[40]  S. Hines,et al.  Coping With Uncertainties in Advance Care Planning , 2001 .

[41]  Julie L. Andsager,et al.  Evaluating the public information: Shaping news coverage of the silicone implant controversy , 1998 .

[42]  S. Love,et al.  Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book , 1990 .

[43]  Julie L. Andsager,et al.  Framing Women's Health With a Sense-Making Approach: Magazine Coverage of Breast Cancer and Implants , 2001, Health communication.

[44]  D. Cicchetti Emotion and Adaptation , 1993 .

[45]  J. D. Johnson,et al.  A Comprehensive Model of Cancer-Related Information Seeking Applied to Magazines , 1993 .

[46]  Kathleen R. Tyner,et al.  Literacy in a Digital World: Teaching and Learning in the Age of Information , 1998 .

[47]  Austin Babrow,et al.  Constructing the uncertainties of bioterror: A study of U.S. news reporting on the anthrax attack of fall, 2001 , 2003 .

[48]  J. Clarke Breast cancer in mass circulating magazines in the U.S.A. and Canada, 1974-1995. , 1999, Women & health.

[49]  Michael D. Slater,et al.  Integrating Application of Media Effects, Persuasion, and Behavior Change Theories to Communication Campaigns: A Stages-of-Change Framework , 1999 .

[50]  A. Babrow,et al.  Communication and Problematic Integration: Understanding Diverging Probability and Value, Ambiguity, Ambivalence, and Impossibility , 1992 .

[51]  S. Folkman,et al.  Stress, appraisal, and coping , 1974 .