An Integrated Methodology to Analyze the Total Nitrogen Accumulation in a Drinking Water Reservoir Based on the SWAT Model Driven by CMADS: A Case Study of the Biliuhe Reservoir in Northeast China

Human activities, especially dam construction, have changed the nutrient cycle process at the basin scale. Reservoirs often act as a sink in the basin and more nutrients are retained due to sedimentation, which induces the eutrophication of the surface water system. This paper proposes an integrated methodology to analyze the total nitrogen (TN) accumulation in a drinking water reservoir, based on the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model driven by the China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT model (CMADS). The results show that the CMADS could be applied to drive the SWAT model in Northeast China. The dynamic process of TN accumulation indicates that the distribution of TN inputted into the reservoir fluctuated with the dry and wet seasons from 2009–2016, which was mainly governed by the amount of runoff. The annual average TN input and output fluxes of the Biliuhe reservoir were 274.41 × 104 kg and 217.14 × 104 kg, which meant that 19.76% of the TN input accumulated in the reservoir. Higher TN accumulation in the reservoir did not correspond to a higher TN load, due to the influence of flood discharge and the water supply. Interestingly, a higher TN accumulation efficiency was observed in normal hydrological years, because the water source reservoir always stores most of the water input for future multiple uses but rarely discharges surplus water. The non-point sources from fertilizer and atmospheric deposition and soils constituted the highest proportion of the TN input, accounting for 35.15%, 30.15%, and 27.72% of the average input. The DBWD (Dahuofang reservoir to Biliuhe reservoir water diversion) project diverted 32.03 × 104 kg year−1 TN to the Biliuhe reservoir in 2015–2016, accounting for 14.05% of the total annual input. The discharge output and the BDWD (Biliuhe reservoir to Dalian city water diversion) project output accounted for 48.75% and 47.74%, respectively. The effects of inter-basin water diversion projects should be of great concern in drinking water source water system management. There was a rising trend of TN level in the Biliuhe reservoir, which increases the eutrophication risk of the aquatic ecosystem. The TN accumulated in the sediment contributed to a large proportion of the TN accumulated in the reservoir. In addition to decreasing the non-point source nitrogen input from the upper basin, discharging anoxic waters and sediment with a high nitrogen concentration through the bottom hole of the dam could alleviate the nitrogen pollution in the Biliuhe reservoir.

[1]  Z. Yang,et al.  Evaluation and Hydrological Application of CMADS against TRMM 3B42V7, PERSIANN-CDR, NCEP-CFSR, and Gauge-Based Datasets in Xiang River Basin of China , 2018, Water.

[2]  Jian-xia Chang,et al.  Investigating the Dynamic Influence of Hydrological Model Parameters on Runoff Simulation Using Sequential Uncertainty Fitting-2-Based Multilevel-Factorial-Analysis Method , 2018, Water.

[3]  Yue‐Ping Xu,et al.  Evaluation of Potential Evapotranspiration Based on CMADS Reanalysis Dataset over China , 2018, Water.

[4]  Y. Guan,et al.  The Impacts of Climate Variability and Land Use Change on Streamflow in the Hailiutu River Basin , 2018, Water.

[5]  Xiaohui Lei,et al.  Application of SWAT Model with CMADS Data to Estimate Hydrological Elements and Parameter Uncertainty Based on SUFI-2 Algorithm in the Lijiang River Basin, China , 2018, Water.

[6]  Qinglan Li,et al.  Parameter Uncertainty Analysis of the SWAT Model in a Mountain-Loess Transitional Watershed on the Chinese Loess Plateau , 2018 .

[7]  Li Li,et al.  Evaluation of Multi-Satellite Precipitation Products for Streamflow Simulations: A Case Study for the Han River Basin in the Korean Peninsula, East Asia , 2018 .

[8]  Yongjian Ding,et al.  Evaluation and Hydrological Simulation of CMADS and CFSR Reanalysis Datasets in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau , 2018 .

[9]  Chi Zhang,et al.  Multiple Climate Change Scenarios and Runoff Response in Biliu River , 2018 .

[10]  Shi-guo Xu,et al.  Analysis of accumulation formation of sediment contamination in reservoirs after decades of running: a case study of nitrogen accumulation in Biliuhe Reservoir , 2018, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[11]  Xianyong Meng,et al.  Significance of the China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT Model (CMADS) of East Asia , 2017 .

[12]  A. Beusen,et al.  Nitrogen transport, transformation, and retention in the Three Gorges Reservoir: A mass balance approach , 2017 .

[13]  Shi-guo Xu,et al.  Dynamic Assessment of Comprehensive Water Quality Considering the Release of Sediment Pollution , 2017 .

[14]  Xianyong Meng,et al.  Hidrološko modeliranje u porječju rijeke Manas primjenom alata za procjenu tla i vode pomoću CMADS-a , 2017 .

[15]  X. Lei,et al.  The China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT Model (CMADS) Application in China: A Case Study in Heihe River Basin , 2017 .

[16]  P. Acebes,et al.  Controlling Eutrophication in A Mediterranean Shallow Reservoir by Phosphorus Loading Reduction: The Need for an Integrated Management Approach , 2017, Environmental Management.

[17]  Wang Yonggui,et al.  Modelling water quality and quantity with the influence of inter-basin water diversion projects and cascade reservoirs in the Middle-lower Hanjiang River , 2016 .

[18]  Fei Xu,et al.  Impacts of DEM uncertainties on critical source areas identification for non-point source pollution control based on SWAT model , 2016 .

[19]  W. P. Ball,et al.  Long-Term Changes in Sediment and Nutrient Delivery from Conowingo Dam to Chesapeake Bay: Effects of Reservoir Sedimentation. , 2016, Environmental science & technology.

[20]  Ying Chen,et al.  A coupled modeling approach to evaluate nitrogen retention within the Shanmei Reservoir watershed, China , 2015 .

[21]  Zizhen Zhou,et al.  The Effects of Storm Runoff on Water Quality and the Coping Strategy of a Deep Canyon-Shaped Source Water Reservoir in China , 2015, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[22]  K. Abbaspour,et al.  A continental-scale hydrology and water quality model for Europe: Calibration and uncertainty of a high-resolution large-scale SWAT model , 2015 .

[23]  Tianxiang Wang,et al.  Dynamic Assessment of Water Quality Based on a Variable Fuzzy Pattern Recognition Model , 2015, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[24]  Xixi Lu,et al.  Nitrogen dynamics at the sediment–water interface in a tropical reservoir , 2014 .

[25]  R. Dahlgren,et al.  A dynamic watershed model for determining the effects of transient storage on nitrogen export to rivers , 2014 .

[26]  Min Fan,et al.  Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Hydrological Provision Ecosystem Services for Watershed Conservation Planning of Water Resources , 2014, Water Resources Management.

[27]  E. Jeppesen,et al.  Hydrological and water quality impact assessment of a Mediterranean limno-reservoir under climate change and land use management scenarios , 2014 .

[28]  B. K. Odhiambo,et al.  Comparative Analysis of Metal Concentrations and Sediment Accumulation Rates in Two Virginian Reservoirs, USA: Lakes Moomaw and Pelham , 2014, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution.

[29]  W. Dodds,et al.  Trends in nutrient and sediment retention in Great Plains reservoirs (USA) , 2014, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.

[30]  Christine A. Shoemaker,et al.  Impact of human activities on stream flow in the Biliu River basin, China , 2013 .

[31]  S. Schubert,et al.  MERRA: NASA’s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications , 2011 .

[32]  J. Thepaut,et al.  The ERA‐Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system , 2011 .

[33]  Uang,et al.  The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis , 2010 .

[34]  Brigitte Helmreich,et al.  Runoff pollutants of a highly trafficked urban road--correlation analysis and seasonal influences. , 2010, Chemosphere.

[35]  George P. Karatzas,et al.  An integrated framework for the hydrologic simulation of a complex geomorphological river basin , 2010 .

[36]  Martin Volk,et al.  Application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to predict the impact of alternative management practices on water quality and quantity , 2009 .

[37]  J. Garnier,et al.  Nutrient transfer in three contrasting NW European watersheds: the Seine, Somme, and Scheldt Rivers. A comparative application of the Seneque/Riverstrahler model. , 2009, Water research.

[38]  R. Alexander,et al.  The regional and global significance of nitrogen removal in lakes and reservoirs , 2009 .

[39]  Nathan S. Bosch,et al.  The influence of impoundments on riverine nutrient transport: An evaluation using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool , 2008 .

[40]  S. Im,et al.  Evaluation of Agricultural Nonpoint Source (AGNPS) model for small watersheds in Korea applying irregular cell delineation , 2008 .

[41]  A. Imai,et al.  Budgets of major ionic species and nutrients on a dam reservoir in forested watershed. , 2007, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[42]  T. Royer,et al.  Denitrification and the nitrogen budget of a reservoir in an agricultural landscape. , 2006, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[43]  J A Harrison,et al.  Denitrification across landscapes and waterscapes: a synthesis. , 2006, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[44]  Assefa M. Melesse,et al.  EFFECTS OF STATSGO AND SSURGO AS INPUTS ON SWAT MODEL'S SNOWMELT SIMULATION 1 , 2006 .

[45]  Siegfried Schubert,et al.  NASA's Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA): Early Results and Future Directions , 2006 .

[46]  J. Arnold,et al.  SWAT2000: current capabilities and research opportunities in applied watershed modelling , 2005 .

[47]  J. Kalff,et al.  Denitrification rates in the sediments of Lake Memphremagog, Canada-USA. , 2001, Water Research.

[48]  J. López-Dovál,et al.  Nutrients, emerging pollutants and pesticides in a tropical urban reservoir: Spatial distributions and risk assessment. , 2017, The Science of the total environment.

[49]  X. Lei,et al.  Hydrological modeling in the Manas River Basin using soil and water assessment tool driven by CMADS Xianyong Meng , 2017 .

[50]  Naresh Pai,et al.  Hydrologic and Water Quality Models: Performance Measures and Evaluation Criteria , 2015 .

[51]  Yayoi Harada,et al.  The Japanese 55-year Reanalysis "JRA-55": An Interim Report , 2011 .

[52]  K. O’Brien,et al.  Sources and fate of nutrients in a subtropical reservoir , 2011, Aquatic Sciences.

[53]  J. Kalff,et al.  Nitrogen retention in wetlands, lakes and rivers , 2004, Hydrobiologia.

[54]  Z. Jing,et al.  Analysis of the Three-Gorge Reservoir Impacts on the Retention of N and P in the Yangtze River , 2003 .