Clinical Problems Associated with the Intensive Management of Performance Horses

The physical as well as the behavioural requirements of the horse changed little through the process of domestication. This means that horses kept within an intensively housed environment and used for performance, physically and behaviourally are susceptible to specific clinical conditions, injuries and diseases. In this chapter, physiological and clinical problems such as those causing pain related behaviours and head shaking are discussed. The most commonly associated problems with horses kept in intensive housing conditions or used in specific competitive disciplines are highlighted. Despite the increasing amount of information about injury and disease in the horse, there is little research relating such problems to the situations performance horses have to cope with. This is particularly the case with pain, whose recognition of pain amongst professionals is still variable and often subjective and not widely recognised as a cause of behavioural change.

[1]  J. Hyland Uses of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) and its analogues for advancing the breeding season in the mare , 1993 .

[2]  S. Hobo,et al.  Effect of transportation on the composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from horses. , 1997, American journal of veterinary research.

[3]  Melvin J Swenson,et al.  Dukes' Physiology of domestic animals , 1942 .

[4]  J. Gray,et al.  The psychology of fear and stress , 1971 .

[5]  W. Marsh,et al.  Epidemiologic analysis of factors influencing exertional rhabdomyolysis in Thoroughbreds. , 1999, American journal of veterinary research.

[6]  Neuroethology, an introduction , 1980 .

[7]  Temporal and linear kinematics in elite and riding horses at the trot , 1998 .

[8]  D. Sampson,et al.  Changes in blood gas, acid-base and metabolic parameters in horses during three-day event competition. , 1980, Research in veterinary science.

[9]  D. Love,et al.  Inflammation and increased numbers of bacteria in the lower respiratory tract of horses within 6 to 12 hours of confinement with the head elevated. , 1995, Australian veterinary journal.

[10]  M. Fanselow,et al.  Conditioned fear-induced opiate analgesia on the Formalin test: Evidence for two aversive motivational systems , 1982 .

[11]  J. Davies,et al.  Fracture of the tibial tuberosity in a polo pony. , 1982, Equine veterinary journal.

[12]  T. Mair,et al.  Headshaking in horses , 1990, In Practice.

[13]  M. Burrell Endoscopic and virological observations on respiratory disease in a group of young Thoroughbred horses in training. , 1985, Equine veterinary journal.

[14]  Mills,et al.  The effect of increasing visual horizons on stereotypic weaving: implications for the social housing of stabled horses. , 2000, Applied animal behaviour science.

[15]  H. M. Clayton,et al.  Time-motion analysis in equestrian sports: the Grand Prix dressage test. , 1990 .

[16]  A. Fraser The behaviour of the horse. , 1992 .

[17]  W. Hensley,et al.  Plasma biochemistry alterations in horses during an endurance ride. , 1977, Equine veterinary journal.

[18]  Fowler Me Veterinary problems during endurance trail rides. , 1980 .

[19]  E. Kalm,et al.  Genetic analysis of different traits in horse breeding by considering radiographic findings. 1: Importance of radiographic findings in breeding sport horses. , 1999 .

[20]  J. Lane,et al.  Observations on headshaking in the horse. , 1987, Equine veterinary journal.

[21]  P. Cripps,et al.  Factors involved in the prognosis of equine laminitis in the UK. , 1999, Equine veterinary journal.

[22]  L. Jeffcott The Fourth Sir Frederick Hobday Memorial Lecture. Back problems in the horse--a look at past, present and future progress. , 1979, Equine veterinary journal.

[23]  K. Houpt,et al.  Prevalence and characteristics of foal rejection in Arabian mares. , 1998, Equine veterinary journal.

[24]  J. Gardiner,et al.  Survival analysis of risk factors associated with the occurrence of lameness in a Michigan horse population. , 1998, American journal of veterinary research.

[25]  J. Denoix,et al.  Physical Therapy and Massage for the Horse , 1996 .

[26]  M. Taussig The Nervous System , 1991 .

[27]  A. Goodship,et al.  Analgesic effects of detomidine in thoroughbred horses with chronic tendon injury. , 1993, Research in veterinary science.

[28]  L. J. McCutcheon,et al.  Acid:base and serum biochemistry changes in horses competing at a modified 1 Star 3-day-event. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[29]  Patrick D. Wall,et al.  Challenge Of Pain , 1983 .

[30]  T. Friend,et al.  Effects of density on displacement, falls, injuries, and orientation during horse transportation(1). , 2000, Applied animal behaviour science.

[31]  K. Scheibe,et al.  Laminitis in Przewalski horses kept in a semireserve. , 2001, Journal of veterinary science.

[32]  N. Azrin,et al.  Pain and Aggression , 1967 .

[33]  H. Dobson,et al.  What is stress, and how does it affect reproduction? , 2000, Animal reproduction science.

[34]  J. Madigan,et al.  Photic headshaking in the horse: 7 cases. , 1995, Equine veterinary journal.

[35]  D Goodwin,et al.  The importance of ethology in understanding the behaviour of the horse. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[36]  R. Bolles Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning. , 1970 .

[37]  M. Lindinger,et al.  Water and ion losses during the cross-country phase of eventing. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[38]  S. White,et al.  Heart rate response and plasma lactate concentrations of horses competing in the speed and endurance phase of 3-day combined training events. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[39]  M. Burrill,et al.  Relationship of body condition score to completion rate during 160 km endurance races. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[40]  B. Hertsch [The appearance of stress on the movement apparatus in dressage, jumping and versatility horses]. , 1992, DTW. Deutsche tierarztliche Wochenschrift.

[41]  P. Colahan Equine medicine and surgery , 1991 .

[42]  R. Rose,et al.  Muscle fibre composition and glycogen depletion in horses competing in an endurance ride , 1981, Veterinary Record.

[43]  I Fredricson,et al.  Biokinematic effects of collection on the trotting gaits in the elite dressage horse. , 1995, Equine veterinary journal.

[44]  M. Thurmond,et al.  Cross-sectional study of gastric ulcers of the squamous mucosa in thoroughbred racehorses. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[45]  R. Slocombe,et al.  Influence of girth strap tensions on athletic performance of racehorses. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[46]  M. Bromiley Equine Injury, Therapy and Rehabilitation , 1993 .

[47]  J. G. Mclean Equine paralytic myoglobinuria ("azoturia"): a review. , 1973, Australian veterinary journal.

[48]  J. Tyrrell,et al.  Behavioural changes in stabled horses given nontherapeutic levels of virginiamycin. , 1998, Equine veterinary journal.

[49]  L. Jeffcott,et al.  Epidemiological aspects of hyperlipaemia in ponies in south eastern Australia. , 1985, Australian veterinary journal.

[50]  G. Coles,et al.  Prevalence of tapeworms, bots and nematodes in abattoir horses in south-west England , 2000, Veterinary Record.

[51]  D. Mills,et al.  Reported response to treatment among 245 cases of equine headshaking , 2002, Veterinary Record.

[52]  H. Remé 68. Spezielle diagnostische Verfahren , 2005, Langenbecks Archiv für Chirurgie.

[53]  F. Miró,et al.  Angular kinematic patterns of limbs in elite and riding horses at trot. , 1998, Equine veterinary journal.

[54]  T. Uchiyama,et al.  Four Cases of Rhabdomyolysis in the Thoroughbred During Transportation , 1992 .

[55]  H. W. Werner Proceedings of the 54th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, San Diego, California, USA, 6-10 December 2008. , 2008 .

[56]  P. Harris,et al.  Atypical myoglobinuria: an acute myopathy in grazing horses. , 1988, Equine veterinary journal.

[57]  K. Nankervis,et al.  Equine Behaviour: Principles and Practice , 1998 .

[58]  P. Harris Review of equine feeding and stable management practices in the UK concentrating on the last decade of the 20th century. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[59]  I. Kreling,et al.  Surgical treatment of kissing spines syndrome - 50 cases. Part ll: results , 1998 .

[60]  M. Holmes,et al.  Validity of saddle pressure measurements using force-sensing array technology--preliminary studies. , 1999, Veterinary journal.

[61]  T. Divers,et al.  Anaerobic bacteria in 21 horses with pleuropneumonia. , 1985, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[62]  R. Schroter,et al.  Physiological, metabolic and biochemical responses of horses competing in the speed and endurance phase of a CCI*****3-day-event. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[63]  J. Madigan,et al.  Characterisation of headshaking syndrome--31 cases. , 1998, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[64]  D. Harrold,et al.  Clinicopathologic alterations in normal and exhausted endurance horses , 1976 .

[65]  Carlson Gp,et al.  Serum electrolyte and plasma protein alterations in horses used in endurance rides. , 1974 .

[66]  H. Schamhardt,et al.  The influence of conformation on fore and hind limb kinematics of the trotting Dutch Warmblood horse , 1996 .

[67]  G. Mason,et al.  Stereotypies: a critical review , 1991, Animal Behaviour.

[68]  G. Hall,et al.  Long distance exercise in the horse: Golden Horseshoe Ride 1978 , 1980, Veterinary Record.

[69]  S. White,et al.  Weight, water, and cation losses in horses competing in a three-day event. , 1994, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[70]  M. Seligman On the generality of the laws of learning , 1970 .

[71]  K. Houpt,et al.  Animal behavior case of the month. Aggression toward a neonatal foal by its dam. , 1993, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[72]  S. Mcdonnell,et al.  Reproductive behavior of stallions and mares: comparison of free-running and domestic in-hand breeding. , 2000, Animal reproduction science.

[73]  L. J. McCutcheon,et al.  Physiological responses of horses competing at a modified 1 star 3-day-event. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[74]  P. Eldridge,et al.  Headshaking in horses: possible aetiopathogenesis suggested by the results of diagnostic tests and several treatment regimes used in 20 cases. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal.

[75]  A. Sasco,et al.  A Retrospective Evaluation of the Causes of Death of 448 Insured French Horses in 1995 , 2000, Veterinary Research Communications.

[76]  U Schatzmann,et al.  Soundness problems of Poloponies – A survey , 1998 .

[77]  S. White,et al.  Effects of shortening the steeplechase phase (phase B) of a 3-day-event. , 2010, Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.

[78]  G. Carlson,et al.  Body position and direction preferences in horses during road transport. , 1994, Equine veterinary journal.

[79]  Voynick Bt,et al.  Exercised-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in polo and racing horses. , 1986 .

[80]  C. Stull,et al.  Physiological responses of horses to 24 hours of transportation using a commercial van during summer conditions. , 2000, Journal of animal science.

[81]  J. P. Hughes,et al.  The oestrous cycle of the mare. , 1975, Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement.

[82]  L. Lawrence,et al.  Observations on body weight and condition of horses in a 150-mile endurance ride , 1992 .