Destination image, romance and place experience—an application of intimacy theory in tourism

Abstract In some forms of tourism, and perhaps particularly in the case of special interest tourism, it can be argued that tourism encounters are service relationships with emotional attachment through the special interest focus and a level of enduring involvement on the part of participants. This involvement is two-fold. First, an interest with the activity; second, a sharing with like-minded people in a social world that extends from home to tourist destination and return. Intimacies in tourism can thus be interpreted through the model of the relationship cycle that comprises the stages A, Aquaintance, B, Buildup, C, Continuation and D, Dissolution. The paper builds upon this concept by utilising ideas of other-centred and self-centredness in personal relationships, and extends the concept of other-centredness to host environments. It also suggests that, in the academic literature about place, location may be secondary in that the quality of experience is primarily determined by the intimacies that exist between people at that place, especially that existing between visitors.

[1]  N. Morgan,et al.  Tourism Promotion and Power: Creating Images, Creating Identities , 1999 .

[2]  B. Little Specialization and the Varieties of Environmental Experience: Empirical Studies within the Personality Paradigm , 1976 .

[3]  D. Unruh,et al.  The Nature of Social Worlds , 1980 .

[4]  Representing Consumers: Voices, Views and Visions , 2003 .

[5]  Debra A. Laverie,et al.  Factors Affecting Fan Attendance: The Influence of Identity Salience and Satisfaction , 2000 .

[6]  Chris Rojek,et al.  INDEXING, DRAGGING AND THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF TOURIST SIGHTS , 2002 .

[7]  A. Maslow Motivation and Personality , 1954 .

[8]  Yiping Li,et al.  Geographical consciousness and tourism experience , 2000 .

[9]  P. Stokowski,et al.  Languages of Place and Discourses of Power: Constructing New Senses of Place , 2002 .

[10]  Jonas Larsen,et al.  The Family Gaze , 2003 .

[11]  Julio Aramberri,et al.  The host should get lost: Paradigms in the Tourism Theory , 2001 .

[12]  Jacob G. Beard,et al.  Measuring Leisure Attitude , 1982 .

[13]  Sarah G. Cant ‘The Tug of Danger with the Magnetism of Mystery’ , 2003 .

[14]  S. Clift,et al.  Tourism and 'embodied' commodities: sex tourism in the Caribbean. , 2000 .

[15]  B. Little Specialization and the Varieties of Environmental Experience , 1976 .

[16]  H. Bryan Leisure Value Systems and Recreational Specialization: The Case of Trout Fishermen , 1977 .

[17]  R. Sack Place, modernity, and the consumer's world , 1992 .

[18]  C. Hall,et al.  Sex Tourism: Marginal People and Liminalities , 2001 .

[19]  B. Mckercher,et al.  Sex and Tourism: Journeys of Romance, Love, and Lust , 2003 .

[20]  L. Kahle,et al.  Predicting Vacation Activity Preferences on the Basis of Value-System Segmentation , 1994 .

[21]  L. Wrightsman,et al.  Social psychology in the 80s , 1981 .

[22]  C. Ryan Learning about tourists from conversations: the over-55S in Majorca , 1995 .

[23]  J. G. Beard,et al.  Measuring Leisure Motivation , 1983 .

[24]  Daniel R. Williams Leisure Identities, Globalization, and the Politics of Place , 2002 .

[25]  E. E. Jones The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class. , 1976 .

[26]  P. Eagles A trip too far: ecotourism, politics and exploitation , 2002 .

[27]  S. Clift,et al.  Tourism and sex: culture, commerce and coercion. , 2000 .

[28]  Seppo E. Iso-Ahola,et al.  Towards a social psychology of recreational travel. , 1983 .

[29]  James G. Cantrill,et al.  Using the 'sense of self-in-place' construct in the context of environmental policy-making and landscape planning , 2001 .

[30]  G. Haas,et al.  Wilderness Recreation Experiences: The Rawah Case , 1980 .

[31]  B. Faulkner,et al.  Embracing and Managing Change in Tourism: International Case Studies , 2003 .

[32]  M. Csíkszentmihályi Beyond boredom and anxiety , 1975 .

[33]  V. Smith,et al.  Hosts and guests revisited: tourism issues of the 21st century. , 2001 .

[34]  D. Pruitt,et al.  For love and money: romance tourism in Jamaica. , 1995 .

[35]  K. Henderson,et al.  Space as a Vital Dimension of Leisure: The Creation of Place , 2000 .

[36]  N. Mcintyre The personal meaning of participation: enduring involvement , 1989 .

[37]  J. Urry Sociology Beyond Societies , 2000 .

[38]  C. Ryan Recreational Tourism: Demands and Impacts , 2003 .

[39]  Barbara Stern Advertising Intimacy: Relationship Marketing and the Services Consumer , 1997 .

[40]  E. Cohen A Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences , 1979 .

[41]  S. Wearing,et al.  Refocussing the tourist experience: the flaneur and the choraster , 1996 .

[42]  Erlet Cater,et al.  Tourism the State of the Art , 1996 .

[43]  R. Sternberg Love Is a Story: A New Theory of Relationships , 1998 .

[44]  P. Pearce The Social Psychology of Tourist Behaviour , 1983 .

[45]  B. Hobson Conflict in the great outdoors. , 1979 .

[46]  R. Downs,et al.  Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience , 1978 .

[47]  S. Wearing,et al.  Identity and the commodification of leisure , 1992 .

[48]  J. Urry The Tourist Gaze , 2002 .

[49]  D. Smail The Origins of Unhappiness: A New Understanding of Personal Distress , 1999 .

[50]  S. Wearing,et al.  Conceptualizing the selves of tourism , 2001 .

[51]  Bruce Blumberg,et al.  No Bad Dogs: Ethological Lessons for Learning in Hamsterdam* , 1999 .

[52]  E. Cohen Rethinking the sociology of tourism , 1979 .

[53]  R. B. Hull,et al.  Moving Beyond the Romantic Biases in Natural Areas Recreation , 2000 .

[54]  A. Giddens,et al.  Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age , 1992, The New Social Theory Reader.

[55]  Peter H. Bloch,et al.  After the New Wears Off: The Temporal Context of Product Involvement , 1986 .

[56]  Geraldine K. Piorkowski Too Close For Comfort: Exploring The Risks Of Intimacy , 2001 .

[57]  Seymour Wapner,et al.  Experiencing the environment , 1976 .

[58]  Sir Ernest Barker Greek Political Theory , 1925 .

[59]  Daniel R. Williams,et al.  Beyond the commodity metaphor: Examining emotional and symbolic attachment to place , 1992 .