Petrogenesis of the Toba Tuffs, Sumatra, Indonesia

Earth (Smith & Bailey, 1968). It is elongated in a NW–SE During the past 1·2 my, at least 3400 km of magma have been direction parallel to the active volcanic front of Sumatra, erupted in four ash flow tuff units from the Toba Caldera Complex. and it measures 100 km by 30 km (Fig. 1). Over the past This activity culminated at 74 ka with the fourth eruption, which 1·2 my, there have been four ash flow tuff eruptions from produced 2800 km of magma and formed the 100 km× 30 km the caldera complex (Chesner & Rose, 1991; Chesner et caldera visible today. A relatively homogeneous two-pyroxene dacite al., 1991). The youngest tuff was erupted at 74 ka was erupted during the first phase of activity. Magma erupted during (Ninkovich et al., 1978; Chesner et al., 1991) and has a each successive eruption was compositionally zoned, generally ranging minimum volume of 2800 km (Rose & Chesner, 1987). from rhyodacite to rhyolite. The youngest three tuff deposits contain Eruption of the Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT) is responsible up to 40 wt % crystals of quartz, sanidine, plagioclase, biotite, for the collapse structure visible today (Van Bemmelen, and amphibole. Minor minerals are magnetite, ilmenite, allanite, 1949). It consists of an extensive, mostly non-welded zircon, fayalite, and orthopyroxene; inclusions of apatite and pyrrhooutflow sheet with abundant pumice blocks ( PH2O; thus volatile units are the Middle Toba Tuff (MTT) ( Ar/Ar age oversaturation probably did not initiate the eruptions. Individual 0·50 Ma, Chesner et al., 1991), the Oldest Toba Tuff pumice blocks and fiamme collected from the youngest three units (OTT) (Ar/Ar age 0·84 Ma, Diehl et al., 1987), and record simultaneous eruption across compositional boundaries. Lowthe Haranggoal Dacite Tuff (HDT) (fission track age 1·2 energy ring fracture eruptions resulted in dense welding of all units Ma, Nishimura et al., 1977). They were erupted alexcept for the top of the youngest unit, and thick accumulations of ternately from north and south vent areas in the present rhyodacitic magma in the collapsing calderas. caldera, but they are generally exposed only in the steep caldera walls, and are densely welded (Chesner & Rose, 1991). Collectively, the YTT, MTT, and OTT are referred to as the quartz-bearing Toba tuffs. They typically contain

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