On the value of social relationships to nonhuman primates: A heuristic scheme

One of biology’s basic questions on society is: why does an individual put up with the time-consuming, frustrating and often harmful ado of group life rather than to make a living in unhindered, but perhaps dangerous and uninformed solitude? Why does he study the behavior of his dominant males rather than that of predators or food distribution, why groom and quarrel with group members rather than rest? The biologist’s answer is that there must be gains that outweigh the costs, and that natural selection therefore produced individuals with social inclinations. But whereas the costs

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