The Appearance of Human Skin

[1]  Irfan A. Essa,et al.  Real-time Photo-Realistic Physically Based Rendering of Fine Scale Human Skin Structure , 2001, Rendering Techniques.

[2]  Ashley J. Welch,et al.  Effects of compression on soft tissue optical properties , 1996 .

[3]  Walter F. Lever,et al.  Histopathology of the Skin , 1990 .

[4]  F Martelli,et al.  Independence of the diffusion coefficient from absorption: experimental and numerical evidence. , 1997, Optics letters.

[5]  Yukio Yamada,et al.  Treatment of nevus using medical tattooing. , 2003, Journal of biomedical optics.

[6]  M. Copet,et al.  A Monte Carlo investigation of optical pathlength in inhomogeneous tissue and its application to near-infrared spectroscopy , 1993 .

[7]  Norimichi Tsumura,et al.  Measurement and simulation of 3D gonio spectral reflectance of skin surface , 2002 .

[8]  S Seidenari,et al.  Echographic assessment of age‐dependent variations of skin thickness , 1995, Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging.

[9]  R. Aronson,et al.  Photon diffusion coefficient in an absorbing medium. , 1999, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[10]  M S Patterson,et al.  Experimental verification of the effect of refractive index mismatch on the light fluence in a turbid medium. , 1999, Journal of biomedical optics.

[11]  Yamada,et al.  Diffusion approximation for a dissipative random medium and the applications. , 1994, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[12]  F. E. Nicodemus,et al.  Geometrical considerations and nomenclature for reflectance , 1977 .

[13]  Norimichi Tsumura,et al.  Correlation map analysis between appearances of Japanese facial images and amount of melanin and hemoglobin components in the skin , 2001, IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging.

[14]  Ling Li,et al.  A multi-layered reflection model of natural human skin , 2001, Proceedings. Computer Graphics International 2001.

[15]  W Verkruysse,et al.  Simulation of color of port wine stain skin and its dependence on skin variables , 1999, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[16]  A E Profio,et al.  Light transport in tissue. , 1989, Applied optics.

[17]  J. Chung,et al.  Photoaging in Asians , 2003, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[18]  M. Patterson,et al.  Noninvasive determination of the optical properties of two-layered turbid media , 1998 .

[19]  G H Findlay.  BLUE SKIN , 1970, The British journal of dermatology.

[20]  M. A. Everett,et al.  PENETRATION OF EPIDERMIS BY ULTRAVIOLET RAYS , 1966, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[21]  R. Aronson,et al.  Boundary conditions for diffusion of light. , 1995, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[22]  Boundary conditions of the diffusion equation and applications. , 1989, Physical review. A, General physics.

[23]  L Wang,et al.  MCML--Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues. , 1995, Computer methods and programs in biomedicine.

[24]  M S Patterson,et al.  Influence of layered tissue architecture on estimates of tissue optical properties obtained from spatially resolved diffuse reflectometry. , 1998, Applied optics.

[25]  Shree K. Nayar,et al.  Reflectance and texture of real-world surfaces , 1999, TOGS.

[26]  C. Tsai,et al.  Measurement and simulation of light distribution in biological tissues. , 2001, Applied optics.

[27]  Elli Angelopoulou,et al.  Understanding the color of human skin , 2001, IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging.

[28]  Shigeki Yokoi,et al.  A Generation Model for Human Skin Texture , 1993 .

[29]  R. Johnston,et al.  Light Scattering Properties of Cells , 1991 .

[30]  Shree K. Nayar,et al.  Generalization of the Lambertian model and implications for machine vision , 1995, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[31]  Takashi Komeda,et al.  Quantification of skin aging by three-dimensional measurement of skin surface contour , 1996, 1996 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. Information Intelligence and Systems (Cat. No.96CH35929).

[32]  Elli Angelopoulou,et al.  Multispectral skin color modeling , 2001, Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2001.

[33]  A Ishimaru,et al.  Optical diffusion of continuous-wave, pulsed, and density waves in scattering media and comparisons with radiative transfer. , 1998, Applied optics.

[34]  A. Dunn,et al.  Light scattering from cells: finite-difference time-domain simulations and goniometric measurements. , 1999, Applied optics.

[35]  A J Welch,et al.  Accuracies of the diffusion approximation and its similarity relations for laser irradiated biological media. , 1989, Applied optics.

[36]  J M Schmitt,et al.  Multilayer model of photon diffusion in skin. , 1990, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[37]  L. O. Svaasand,et al.  Boundary conditions for the diffusion equation in radiative transfer. , 1994, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[38]  R Richards-Kortum,et al.  Reflectance spectroscopy with polarized light: is it sensitive to cellular and nuclear morphology. , 1999, Optics express.

[39]  Seiji Inokuchi,et al.  Simulation and analysis of spectral distributions of human skin , 1998, Proceedings. Fourteenth International Conference on Pattern Recognition (Cat. No.98EX170).

[40]  Ela Claridge,et al.  Developing a predictive model of human skin coloring , 1996, Medical Imaging.

[41]  Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann,et al.  Simulation of static and dynamic wrinkles of skin , 1996, Proceedings Computer Animation '96.

[42]  C. Levene.  Histology—a Text and Atlas , 1976 .

[43]  Jos Stam,et al.  An Illumination Model for a Skin Layer Bounded by Rough Surfaces , 2001, Rendering Techniques.

[44]  J. Schmitt,et al.  Optical scattering properties of soft tissue: a discrete particle model. , 1998, Applied optics.

[45]  R. Alcouffe,et al.  Comparison of finite-difference transport and diffusion calculations for photon migration in homogeneous and heterogeneous tissues. , 1998, Physics in medicine and biology.

[46]  S. Arridge,et al.  Estimation of optical pathlength through tissue from direct time of flight measurement , 1988 .

[47]  A G Yodh,et al.  Does the photon-diffusion coefficient depend on absorption? , 1997, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[48]  Kristin J. Dana,et al.  Bidirectional imaging and modeling of skin texture , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[49]  V. V. Tuchin.  Light scattering study of tissues , 1997 .

[50]  M. Kohl,et al.  Near-infrared optical properties of ex vivo human skin and subcutaneous tissues measured using the Monte Carlo inversion technique. , 1998, Physics in medicine and biology.

[51]  P. F. Mullaney,et al.  Light scattering from coated spheres: model for biological cells. , 1972, Applied optics.

[52]  Kristin J. Dana,et al.  Image-based Skin Analysis , 2002 .

[53]  J. Federici,et al.  Measurement of skin stretch via light reflection. , 2003, Journal of biomedical optics.

[54]  Robert L. Cook,et al.  A Reflectance Model for Computer Graphics , 1987, TOGS.

[55]  Marcus Larsson,et al.  In vivo determination of local skin optical properties and photon path length by use of spatially resolved diffuse reflectance with applications in laser Doppler flowmetry. , 2003, Applied optics.

[56]  A J Welch,et al.  Light and temperature distribution in laser irradiated tissue: the influence of anisotropic scattering and refractive index. , 1989, Applied optics.

[57]  J. Tsai,et al.  Human skin surface lipid film: an ultrastructural study and interaction with corneocytes and intercellular lipid lamellae of the stratum corneum , 1999, The British journal of dermatology.

[58]  Marc Rioux,et al.  Facial image synthesis using skin texture recording , 1990, The Visual Computer.

[59]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  Monte Carlo Modeling of Light Transport in Multi-layered Tissues in Standard C , 1992 .

[60]  Jessica C Ramella-Roman,et al.  Imaging skin pathology with polarized light. , 2002, Journal of biomedical optics.

[61]  M. H. Koelink,et al.  Optical properties of human dermis in vitro and in vivo. , 1993, Applied optics.

[62]  M. Patterson,et al.  Anisotropy of light propagation in human skin , 2000, Physics in medicine and biology.

[63]  B. Wilson,et al.  A Monte Carlo model for the absorption and flux distributions of light in tissue. , 1983, Medical physics.

[64]  W. F. Lever,et al.  Histopathology of the Skin , 1962 .

[65]  Skin Texture Modeling , 2005, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[66]  J T Headington,et al.  The stratum corneum—Some structural and functional correlates , 1974, The British journal of dermatology.

[67]  Norimichi Tsumura,et al.  Independent Component Analysis of Skin Color Image , 1998, CIC.

[68]  Klaus-Peter Wilhelm,et al.  Bioengineering of the skin : skin surface imaging and analysis , 1997 .

[69]  Sören Jaspers,et al.  Rapid in vivo measurement of the topography of human skin by active image triangulation using a digital micromirror device , 1999 .

[70]  J P Freyer,et al.  Characterizing Mammalian cells and cell phantoms by polarized backscattering fiber-optic measurements. , 2001, Applied optics.

[71]  D W Cotton,et al.  Computer‐assisted image analysis of skin surface replicas , 1991, The British journal of dermatology.

[72]  H Saint-Jalmes,et al.  Integrating the digitized backscattered image to measure absorption and reduced-scattering coefficients in vivo. , 1999, Applied optics.

[73]  Judith R. Mourant,et al.  Light scattering from cells: the contribution of the nucleus and the effects of proliferative status , 2000, BiOS.

[74]  Ela Claridge,et al.  Do all human skin colours lie on a defined surface within LMS space , 1996 .

[75]  Tuan Vo-Dinh,et al.  Biomedical Photonics Handbook , 2003 .

[76]  N Kollias,et al.  The physical basis of skin color and its evaluation. , 1995, Clinics in dermatology.

[77]  M. Patterson,et al.  Improved solutions of the steady-state and the time-resolved diffusion equations for reflectance from a semi-infinite turbid medium. , 1997, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[78]  R. Steiner,et al.  Spatially resolved absolute diffuse reflectance measurements for noninvasive determination of the optical scattering and absorption coefficients of biological tissue. , 1996, Applied optics.

[79]  Michael S. Feld,et al.  Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ , 1999 .

[80]  James G. Fujimoto,et al.  Advances in Optical Imaging and Photon Migration , 1996 .

[81]  A. Young,et al.  Chromophores in human skin. , 1997, Physics in medicine and biology.

[82]  Roland Bazin,et al.  Influence of age on the wrinkling capacities of skin , 2002, Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging.

[83]  Light scattering multipole solution for a cell. , 1998, Journal of biomedical optics.

[84]  R Marchesini,et al.  Extinction and absorption coefficients and scattering phase functions of human tissues in vitro. , 1989, Applied optics.

[85]  K. Furutsu.  Diffusion equation derived from space-time transport equation , 1980 .

[86]  G. Zonios,et al.  Skin melanin, hemoglobin, and light scattering properties can be quantitatively assessed in vivo using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. , 2001, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[87]  P. Corcuff,et al.  The impact of aging on the microrelief of peri-orbital and leg skin , 1987 .

[88]  R. Alfano,et al.  Optical polarization imaging. , 1997, Applied optics.

[89]  Jun Q. Lu,et al.  Modeling of the rough-interface effect on a converging light beam propagating in a skin tissue phantom. , 2000, Applied optics.

[90]  Marcus Larsson,et al.  Photon pathlength determination based on spatially resolved diffuse reflectance. , 2002, Journal of biomedical optics.

[91]  R. Anderson,et al.  ANALYTICAL MODELING FOR THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SKIN WITH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO APPLICATIONS , 1981, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[92]  R Richards-Kortum,et al.  A pulsed finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for calculating light scattering from biological cells over broad wavelength ranges. , 2000, Optics express.

[93]  P. Frosch,et al.  Noninvasive Methods for the Quantification of Skin Functions , 1993, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[94]  Andrew K. Dunn,et al.  Three-dimensional computation of light scattering from cells , 1996 .

[95]  J D HARDY,et al.  Spectral transmittance and reflectance of excised human skin. , 1956, Journal of applied physiology.

[96]  Setsuo Takatani,et al.  Theoretical Analysis of Diffuse Reflectance from a Two-Layer Tissue Model , 1979, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[97]  Yukio Yamada,et al.  Explanation of Human Skin Color by Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Based on the Modified Lambert-Beer Law , 2000 .

[98]  Valery V. Tuchin,et al.  Tissue optics, light distribution, and spectroscopy , 1994 .

[99]  Jan J. Koenderink,et al.  The secret of velvety skin , 2003, Machine Vision and Applications.

[100]  B. Wilson,et al.  A diffusion theory model of spatially resolved, steady-state diffuse reflectance for the noninvasive determination of tissue optical properties in vivo. , 1992, Medical physics.

[101]  A. Welch,et al.  Determining the optical properties of turbid mediaby using the adding-doubling method. , 1993, Applied optics.

[102]  J Serup,et al.  High‐frequency ultrasound characterization of normal skin. Skin thickness and echographic density of 22 anatomical sites , 1995, Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging.

[103]  R. Doornbos,et al.  The determination of in vivo human tissue optical properties and absolute chromophore concentrations using spatially resolved steady-state diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. , 1999, Physics in medicine and biology.

[104]  Y. Nomura,et al.  Relationship between time-resolved and non-time-resolved Beer-Lambert law in turbid media. , 1997, Physics in medicine and biology.

[105]  S. Jacques,et al.  Imaging superficial tissues with polarized light , 2000, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[106]  Valery V. Tuchin,et al.  Angular scattering properties of human epidermal layers , 1994, Other Conferences.

[107]  A J Welch,et al.  Practical models for light distribution in laser‐irradiated tissue , 1987, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[108]  Elli Angelopoulou,et al.  The Reflectance Spectrum of Human Skin , 1999 .

[109]  D J Durian,et al.  The diffusion coefficient depends on absorption. , 1998, Optics letters.

[110]  W. Zijlstra,et al.  Absorption spectra of human fetal and adult oxyhemoglobin, de-oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, and methemoglobin. , 1991, Clinical chemistry.

[111]  L.H. Wang,et al.  Influence of boundary conditions on the accuracy of diffusion theory in time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy of biological tissues , 1993, Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Societ.

[112]  Joseph M. Schmitt,et al.  Micro-optical properties of tissue , 1996, Photonics West.

[113]  Primer of Dermatopathology. , 2003 .

[114]  H R Chaudhry,et al.  Noninvasive light-reflection technique for measuring soft-tissue stretch. , 1999, Applied optics.

[115]  H.J.C.M. Sterenborg,et al.  Skin optics , 1989, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[116]  J. C. van der Leun,et al.  FORWARD SCATTERING PROPERTIES OF HUMAN EPIDERMAL LAYERS , 1984, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[117]  Pat Hanrahan,et al.  Reflection from layered surfaces due to subsurface scattering , 1993, SIGGRAPH.

[118]  J Beuthan,et al.  The spatial variation of the refractive index in biological cells. , 1996, Physics in medicine and biology.

[119]  J. L. Lévêque.  EEMCO guidance for the assessment of skin topography 1 , 1999 .

[120]  M. Mello,et al.  Change with age of anisotropic properties of collagen bundles. , 1979, Gerontology.

[121]  Paul E. Debevec,et al.  Acquiring the reflectance field of a human face , 2000, SIGGRAPH.

[122]  M. Schweiger,et al.  A finite element approach for modeling photon transport in tissue. , 1993, Medical physics.

[123]  E. Naylor,et al.  The Structure of the Cornea as Revealed by Polarized Light , 1953 .

[124]  Steve Marschner,et al.  A practical model for subsurface light transport , 2001, SIGGRAPH.

[125]  Quantitative two‐dimensional analysis of facial wrinkles of Japanese women at various ages , 2002, International journal of cosmetic science.

[126]  T. Kitai,et al.  Contribution of the mitochondrial compartment to the optical properties of the rat liver: a theoretical and practical approach. , 1994, Biophysical journal.

[127]  Ashleyj . Welch,et al.  Optical-Thermal Response of Laser-Irradiated Tissue , 1995 .

[128]  J W Pickering,et al.  Laser beam diameter for port wine stain treatment. , 1992, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[129]  R. Heethaar,et al.  Light scattering by red blood cells in ektacytometry: Fraunhofer versus anomalous diffraction. , 1993, Applied optics.

[130]  Jessica C. Ramella-Roman,et al.  Scattering of polarized light by biological tissues , 2000, Saratov Fall Meeting.

[131]  Joseph W. Haus,et al.  OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics Series , 2003 .

[132]  Dinh Tuan Vo.  Biomedical photonics handbook , 2003 .

[133]  Willem M. Star,et al.  Optical diffusion in layered media. , 1988, Applied optics.

[134]  A. Grobbelaar,et al.  A quantitative method for the assessment of facial rejuvenation: a prospective study investigating the carbon dioxide laser. , 1998, British journal of plastic surgery.

[135]  S Morgan,et al.  Polarization properties of light backscattered from a two layer scattering medium. , 2000, Optics express.

[136]  Norimichi Tsumura,et al.  Image-based skin color and texture analysis/synthesis by extracting hemoglobin and melanin information in the skin , 2003, ACM Trans. Graph..

[137]  R. Anderson,et al.  The optics of human skin. , 1981, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[138]  S L Jacques,et al.  Modeling optical and thermal distributions in tissue during laser irradiation , 1987, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[139]  J. G. Walker,et al.  Analysis of the spatial distribution of polarized light backscattered from layered scattering media. , 2002, Journal of biomedical optics.

[140]  Steven L. Jacques,et al.  Source of error in calculation of optical diffuse reflectance from turbid media using diffusion theory , 2000, Comput. Methods Programs Biomed..

[141]  Skin Care:Beyond the Basis , 2001 .

[142]  Steve Marschner,et al.  Image-Based BRDF Measurement Including Human Skin , 1999, Rendering Techniques.

[143]  Ela Claridge,et al.  From Colour to Tissue Histology: Physics Based Interpretation of Images of Pigmented Skin Lesions , 2002, MICCAI.

[144]  K. Torrance,et al.  Theory for off-specular reflection from roughened surfaces , 1967 .

[145]  Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann,et al.  Simulation of Skin Aging and Wrinkles with Cosmetics Insight , 2000, Computer Animation and Simulation.

[146]  K. Stamnes,et al.  Validity of the diffusion approximation in bio-optical imaging. , 2001, Applied optics.

[147]  S. Akazaki,et al.  Age‐related changes in skin wrinkles assessed by a novel three‐dimensional morphometric analysis , 2002, The British journal of dermatology.

[148]  B. Hooper.  Optical-thermal response of laser-irradiated tissue , 1996 .

[149]  S. Morgan,et al.  Effects of polarization state and scatterer concentration on optical imaging through scattering media. , 1997, Applied optics.

[150]  J. Wagner,et al.  Penetration of the laser light into the skin in vitro. , 1999, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[151]  Gniadecka,et al.  Quantitative evaluation of chronological ageing and photoageing in vivo: studies on skin echogenicity and thickness , 1998, The British journal of dermatology.

[152]  I Oda,et al.  Analysis of nonlinear relation for skin hemoglobin imaging. , 2001, Optics express.

[153]  Ashley J. Welch,et al.  Development and application of three-dimensional light distribution model for laser irradiated tissue , 1987 .

[154]  C. Cacou.  Anthropometry of the head and face , 1995 .

[155]  J. Koh,et al.  Cigarette smoking associated with premature facial wrinkling: image analysis of facial skin replicas , 2002, International journal of dermatology.

[156]  Motoji Takahashi,et al.  Measurement of facial skin thickness by ultrasound method , 1990 .

[157]  R M Aspden,et al.  Birefringence of articular cartilage and the distribution on collagen fibril orientations. , 1983, Connective tissue research.

[158]  O Hazeki,et al.  Exponential attenuation of light along nonlinear path through the biological model. , 1989, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[159]  Christian Depeursinge,et al.  Determination of reduced scattering and absorption coefficients by a single charge-coupled-device array measurement, part I: comparison between experiments and simulations , 1995 .

[160]  H. Takiwaki,et al.  Computer simulation of skin color based on a multilayered skin model , 1997, Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging.

[161]  Alfano,et al.  When does the diffusion approximation fail to describe photon transport in random media? , 1990, Physical review letters.

[162]  I. S. Saidi,et al.  Mie and Rayleigh modeling of visible-light scattering in neonatal skin. , 1995, Applied optics.

[163]  S. Jacques,et al.  Angular dependence of HeNe laser light scattering by human dermis , 1988 .

[164]  Feld,et al.  Photon migration in turbid media using path integrals. , 1994, Physical review letters.

[165]  K. Mimura,et al.  Changes in surface configuration of the skin caused by ageing and application of cosmetics: three‐dimensional analysis according to a new system based on image analysis and Fourier transformation , 1989, International journal of cosmetic science.

[166]  R. Heethaar,et al.  Anomalous diffraction by arbitrarily oriented ellipsoids: applications in ektacytometry. , 1994, Applied optics.

[167]  Britton Chance,et al.  Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of mitochondria, cells and tissues under normal and pathological conditions , 1998, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry.

[168]  H. Haneishi,et al.  Independent Component Analysis of Spectral Absorbance Image in Human Skin , 2000 .

[169]  S L Jacques,et al.  CONV--convolution for responses to a finite diameter photon beam incident on multi-layered tissues. , 1997, Computer methods and programs in biomedicine.

[170]  R. Anderson.  Polarized light examination and photography of the skin. , 1991, Archives of dermatology.

[171]  G. Piérard,et al.  Assessment of Aging and Actinic Damages by Cyanoacrylate Skin Surface Strippings , 1987, The American Journal of dermatopathology.