Improving Stereotaxic Neurosurgery Techniques and Procedures Greatly Reduces the Number of Rats Used per Experimental Group—A Practice Report

Simple Summary Stereotaxic surgery techniques are commonly used today in research laboratories by a range of students, technicians, and researchers. Over the past twenty years, technical and scientific progress has been made in neurosurgery to meet the evolving requirements imposed by international legislation, and to promote the implementation of 3R rules. These improvements were motivated by a greater awareness of animal welfare and the necessary effort in the reduction of the number of animals used in experiments. The data presented in the present study show that technical and methodological improvements brought to our surgical procedures from 1992 resulted in reproducible stereotaxic neurosurgeries and in a significant reduction in experimental errors and animal morbidity. The effects of these improvements include a decrease in the final number of animals used in our experiments as well as better management of pain during and after surgery and the use of appropriate aseptic techniques. Correct stereotaxic surgical approaches are precisely described throughout the text. Abstract Techniques of stereotaxic surgery are commonly used in research laboratories by a range of students, technicians, and researchers. To meet the evolving requirements imposed by international legislation, and to promote the implementation of 3R rules (replacement, reduction, and refinement) by reducing experimental error, animal morbidity, and mortality, it is essential that standard operating procedures and proper conduct following such complex surgeries be precisely described and respected. The present report shows how refinements of our own neurosurgical techniques over decades, have significantly reduced the number of animals (rats) used in experiments and improved the animals’ well-being during the post-surgical recovery period. The current pre-, per-, and post-surgical procedures used in our laboratory are detailed. We describe the practical aspects of stereotaxic neurosurgery that have been refined in our laboratory since 1992 and that cover various areas including appropriate anesthesia and pain management during and after surgery, methods to determine the stereotaxic coordinates, and the best approach to the target brain structure. The application of these optimal surgical methods that combine reliable and reproducible results with an acute awareness of ethics and animal welfare leads to a significant reduction in the number of animals included in experimental research in accordance with ethical and regulatory rules as required by the European Directive on laboratory animal welfare.