Non‐invasive sentinel lymph node mapping and needle guidance using clinical handheld photoacoustic imaging system in small animal

Translating photoacoustic imaging (PAI) into clinical setup is a challenge. Handheld clinical real-time PAI systems are not common. In this work, we report an integrated photoacoustic (PA) and clinical ultrasound imaging system by combining light delivery with the ultrasound probe for sentinel lymph node imaging and needle guidance in small animal. The open access clinical ultrasound platform allows seamless integration of PAI resulting in the development of handheld real-time PAI probe. Both methylene blue and indocyanine green were used for mapping the sentinel lymph node using 675 and 690 nm wavelength illuminations, respectively. Additionally, needle guidance with combined ultrasound and PAI was demonstrated using this imaging system. Up to 1.5 cm imaging depth was observed with a 10 Hz laser at an imaging frame rate of 5 frames per second, which is sufficient for future translation into human sentinel lymph node imaging and needle guidance for fine needle aspiration biopsy.

[1]  O. Ung,et al.  Australasian experience and trials in sentinel lymph node biopsy: the RACS SNAC trial. , 2004, Asian journal of surgery.

[2]  Paul Kumar Upputuri,et al.  A dual-functional benzobisthiadiazole derivative as an effective theranostic agent for near-infrared photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy. , 2016, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[3]  Paul Kumar Upputuri,et al.  Near-infrared light-responsive liposomal contrast agent for photoacoustic imaging and drug release applications , 2016, Journal of biomedical optics.

[4]  Liang Song,et al.  Handheld array-based photoacoustic probe for guiding needle biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes. , 2010, Journal of biomedical optics.

[5]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  A practical guide to photoacoustic tomography in the life sciences , 2016, Nature Methods.

[6]  Manojit Pramanik,et al.  Sentinel lymph nodes in the rat: noninvasive photoacoustic and US imaging with a clinical US system. , 2010, Radiology.

[7]  Vasilis Ntziachristos,et al.  Advances in real-time multispectral optoacoustic imaging and its applications , 2015, Nature Photonics.

[8]  R. Foster,et al.  The sentinel node in breast cancer--a multicenter validation study. , 1998, The New England journal of medicine.

[9]  Chulhong Kim,et al.  Programmable Real-time Clinical Photoacoustic and Ultrasound Imaging System , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[10]  Chulhong Kim,et al.  Noninvasive in vivo spectroscopic nanorod-contrast photoacoustic mapping of sentinel lymph nodes. , 2009, European journal of radiology.

[11]  Paola Bricolo,et al.  Role of ultrasound-guided fine needle cytology of axillary lymph nodes in breast carcinoma staging. , 2004, La Radiologia medica.

[12]  S. Duffy,et al.  Morbidity after sentinel lymph node biopsy in primary breast cancer: results from a randomized controlled trial. , 2005, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[13]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  Dual-Modality Photoacoustic and Ultrasound Imaging System for Noninvasive Sentinel Lymph Node Detection in Patients with Breast Cancer , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[14]  Vasilis Ntziachristos,et al.  Multispectral opto-acoustic tomography of exercised muscle oxygenation. , 2015, Optics letters.

[15]  A. Bodenham,et al.  Visualisation of needle position using ultrasonography , 2006, Anaesthesia.

[16]  Manojit Pramanik,et al.  In vivo carbon nanotube-enhanced non-invasive photoacoustic mapping of the sentinel lymph node , 2009, Physics in medicine and biology.

[17]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  Noninvasive photoacoustic identification of sentinel lymph nodes containing methylene blue in vivo in a rat model. , 2008, Journal of biomedical optics.

[18]  R. Pijpers,et al.  Intradermal blue dye to identify sentinel lymphnode in breast cancer , 1997, The Lancet.

[19]  Savitri Krishnamurthy,et al.  Role of ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration of indeterminate and suspicious axillary lymph nodes in the initial staging of breast carcinoma , 2002, Cancer.

[20]  Paul Kumar Upputuri,et al.  Recent advances toward preclinical and clinical translation of photoacoustic tomography: a review , 2016, Journal of biomedical optics.

[21]  Manojit Pramanik,et al.  Near infrared photoacoustic detection of sentinel lymph nodes with gold nanobeacons. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[22]  Song Hu,et al.  Listening to the Brain With Photoacoustics , 2016, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[23]  Xin Cai,et al.  Photoacoustic sentinel lymph node imaging with self-assembled copper neodecanoate nanoparticles. , 2012, ACS nano.

[24]  M. Keshtgar,et al.  Detection of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer. , 2007, British medical bulletin.

[25]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  In vivo photoacoustic tomography of chemicals: high-resolution functional and molecular optical imaging at new depths. , 2010, Chemical reviews.

[26]  Paul Kumar Upputuri,et al.  Self-quenched semiconducting polymer nanoparticles for amplified in vivo photoacoustic imaging. , 2017, Biomaterials.

[27]  Mary J. Nissen,et al.  Comparison of side effects between sentinel lymph node and axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer , 2002, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[28]  T. Yeatman,et al.  Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in the patient with breast cancer. , 1996, JAMA.

[29]  Manojit Pramanik,et al.  Carbazole-Linked Near-Infrared Aza-BODIPY Dyes as Triplet Sensitizers and Photoacoustic Contrast Agents for Deep-Tissue Imaging. , 2017, Chemistry.

[30]  P. Beard Biomedical photoacoustic imaging , 2011, Interface Focus.

[31]  Stanislav Y Emelianov,et al.  Silica-coated gold nanoplates as stable photoacoustic contrast agents for sentinel lymph node imaging , 2013, Nanotechnology.

[32]  P B Cerrito,et al.  Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer: a suitable alternative to routine axillary dissection in multi-institutional practice when optimal technique is used. , 2000, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[33]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  Photoacoustic Tomography: In Vivo Imaging from Organelles to Organs , 2012, Science.

[34]  Manojit Pramanik,et al.  Optimizing light delivery through fiber bundle in photoacoustic imaging with clinical ultrasound system: Monte Carlo simulation and experimental validation , 2016, Journal of biomedical optics.

[35]  Chulhong Kim,et al.  Sentinel lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels: noninvasive dual-modality in vivo mapping by using indocyanine green in rats--volumetric spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging and planar fluorescence imaging. , 2010, Radiology.

[36]  D. Radovanovic,et al.  Blue dye versus combined blue dye-radioactive tracer technique in detection of sentinel lymph node in breast cancer. , 2004, European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology.

[37]  Manojit Pramanik,et al.  High frame rate photoacoustic imaging at 7000 frames per second using clinical ultrasound system. , 2016, Biomedical optics express.