Face to Face

Over evolutionary time, humans have developed a selective sensitivity to features in the human face that convey information on sex, age, emotions, and intentions. This ability might not only be applied to our conspecifics nowadays, but also to other living objects (i.e., animals) and even to artificial structures, such as cars. To investigate this possibility, we asked people to report the characteristics, emotions, personality traits, and attitudes they attribute to car fronts, and we used geometric morphometrics (GM) and multivariate statistical methods to determine and visualize the corresponding shape information. Automotive features and proportions are found to covary with trait perception in a manner similar to that found with human faces. Emerging analogies are discussed. This study should have implications for both our understanding of our prehistoric psyche and its interrelation with the modern world.

[1]  F. Bookstein,et al.  Second to fourth digit ratio and face shape , 2005, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[2]  J. B. Pittenger,et al.  Perceptual information for the age level of faces as a higher order invariant of growth. , 1979, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[3]  L. Cosmides,et al.  Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. , 1992 .

[4]  Joseph A. Bulbulia,et al.  The cognitive and evolutionary psychology of religion , 2004 .

[5]  P. Costa,et al.  Personality trait structure as a human universal. , 1997, The American psychologist.

[6]  Sridhar Mahadevan,et al.  14 - Gaze Control for Face Learning and Recognition by Humans and Machines , 2001 .

[7]  F J Rohlf,et al.  Use of two-block partial least-squares to study covariation in shape. , 2000, Systematic biology.

[8]  Fred L. Bookstein,et al.  The enduring effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on child development: Birth through seven years, a partial least squares solution. , 1993 .

[9]  R. Gur,et al.  Differences in facial expressions of four universal emotions , 2004, Psychiatry Research.

[10]  F. Bookstein,et al.  Developmental Research in Behavioral Teratology: Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Child Development , 1994 .

[11]  I. Gauthier,et al.  Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition , 2000, Nature Neuroscience.

[12]  K. Lorenz,et al.  Die angeborenen Formen möglicher Erfahrung. , 2010 .

[13]  F. Bookstein,et al.  Visualizing facial shape regression upon 2nd to 4th digit ratio and testosterone. , 2005, Collegium antropologicum.

[14]  U. Hess,et al.  Facial mimicry and emotional contagion to dynamic emotional facial expressions and their influence on decoding accuracy. , 2001, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[15]  Henrik Walter,et al.  Cultural objects modulate reward circuitry , 2002, Neuroreport.

[16]  Lawrence S. Sugiyama Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind , 2001 .

[17]  Allan Mazur,et al.  Facial Gestures Which Influence the Perception of Status , 1977 .

[18]  J. Pittenger,et al.  Natural Constraints , Scales of Analysis , and Information for the Perception of Growing Faces , 2004 .

[19]  F. Bookstein,et al.  Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology , 1999 .

[20]  M. Haselton,et al.  Error management theory: a new perspective on biases in cross-sex mind reading. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[21]  E. Otta,et al.  Reading a Smiling Face: Messages Conveyed by Various Forms of Smiling , 1996, Perceptual and motor skills.

[22]  K. Grammer,et al.  Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: the role of symmetry and averageness. , 1994, Journal of comparative psychology.

[23]  F. Rohlf,et al.  Extensions of the Procrustes Method for the Optimal Superimposition of Landmarks , 1990 .

[24]  J. J. Jacobs,et al.  When a Car Makes You Smile: Development and Application of an Instrument to Measure Product Emotions , 2000 .

[25]  S. Guthrie,et al.  Faces in the Clouds: A New Theory of Religion , 1994 .

[26]  Alex Jacobson,et al.  Essentials of facial growth , 2009 .

[27]  W. Schiff,et al.  Stimulus factors in observer judgment of social interaction: facial expression and motion pattern. , 1969, The American journal of psychology.

[28]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  Consensus in personality judgments at zero acquaintance. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[29]  Amy J. C. Cuddy,et al.  Universal dimensions of social cognition: warmth and competence , 2007, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[30]  R. G. Coss,et al.  The Role of Evolved Perceptual Biases in Art and Design , 2003 .

[31]  D. Perrett,et al.  Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness , 1998, Nature.

[32]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  Consensus at zero acquaintance: replication, behavioral cues, and stability. , 1992, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[33]  P. Kellman,et al.  From fragments to objects : segmentation and grouping in vision , 2001 .

[34]  Mark E. Slama,et al.  Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind (2nd ed.) , 2005 .

[35]  R. Ashmore,et al.  Sex stereotypes and implicit personality theory. I. A personality description approach to the assessment of sex stereotypes , 1980 .

[36]  R. Behrents,et al.  Sexual dimorphism in normal craniofacial growth. , 1993, The Angle orthodontist.

[37]  T. Dalgleish Basic Emotions , 2004 .

[38]  P. Borkenau,et al.  Trait inferences: Sources of validity at zero acquaintance. , 1992 .

[39]  C. Keating,et al.  Do Babyfaced Adults Receive More Help? The (Cross-Cultural) Case of the Lost Resume , 2003 .

[40]  L. Cosmides,et al.  The Adapted mind : evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture , 1992 .