REDUCED CIRCADIAN RHYTHMICITY IN INDIVIDUALS RESISTANT TO SLEEP DEPRIVATION Blood-Gene Expression Reveals Reduced Circadian Rhythmicity in Individuals Resistant to Sleep Deprivation

1589 Circadian Signature in Response to Sleep Loss—Arnardottir et al. INTRODUCTION Insufficient sleep length is increasingly common1,2 and has been shown to have serious behavioral consequences such as increased human error-related accidents and decreased cognitive performance.3 Moreover, sleep loss has been shown to accelerate neurodegeneration in mouse models of Alzheimer disease.4 Although sleep deprivation is common, there are substantial interindividual differences in the resulting behavioral impairment,5,6 as reflected in differences in brain activation and cognitive performance.7,8 These differences appear “trait-like” because they are highly reproducible over time in the same individual, are very different between individuals,5,6 and are highly heritable.9 Sleep loss leads to extensive changes in gene expression in different brain regions in mice10 as well as in other organs, including liver,11 heart, and lung.12 Thus, it is conceivable REDUCED CIRCADIAN RHYTHMICITY IN INDIVIDUALS RESISTANT TO SLEEP DEPRIVATION

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