Overview of molecular dynamics techniques and early scientific results from the Blue Gene project

The Blue Gene® project involves the development of a highly parallel supercomputer, the coding of scalable applications to run on it, and the design of protein simulations that take advantage of the power provided by the new machine. This paper provides an overview of analysis techniques applied to scientific results obtained with Blue Matter, the software framework for performing molecular dynamics simulations on the Blue Gene/L computer. Blue Matter is a portable environment that runs on several platforms ranging from single-processor to massively parallel machines. Since the Blue Gene/L computer has become available only recently, this work describes analysis techniques applied to a range of experiments of increasing complexity on a corresponding range of machine sizes, concluding with a membrane protein simulation currently running on a 512-node Blue Gene/L computer.

[1]  Gregory Choi,et al.  Studies on the structure of the G-protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin including the putative G-protein binding site in unactivated and activated forms. , 2001, Biochemistry.

[2]  D. Selkoe,et al.  Oligomers on the brain: the emerging role of soluble protein aggregates in neurodegeneration. , 2004, Protein and peptide letters.

[3]  J. Wine,et al.  Glycerol Reverses the Misfolding Phenotype of the Most Common Cystic Fibrosis Mutation (*) , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[4]  D C Teller,et al.  Advances in determination of a high-resolution three-dimensional structure of rhodopsin, a model of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). , 2001, Biochemistry.

[5]  B. Berne,et al.  The free energy landscape for β hairpin folding in explicit water , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[6]  William Swope,et al.  Describing Protein Folding Kinetics by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. 1. Theory , 2004 .

[7]  M. Karplus,et al.  CHARMM: A program for macromolecular energy, minimization, and dynamics calculations , 1983 .

[8]  Wilfred F. van Gunsteren,et al.  Validation of molecular dynamics simulation , 1998 .

[9]  Philip J. Reeves,et al.  Structure and function in rhodopsin: A tetracycline-inducible system in stable mammalian cell lines for high-level expression of opsin mutants , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[10]  Burton J. Litman,et al.  Optimization of Receptor-G Protein Coupling by Bilayer Lipid Composition I , 2001, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[11]  Krzysztof Palczewski,et al.  Crystal Structure of Rhodopsin: A G‐Protein‐Coupled Receptor , 2002, Science.

[12]  M. Gruebele,et al.  Heterogeneous folding of the trpzip hairpin: full atom simulation and experiment. , 2004, Journal of molecular biology.

[13]  Berend Smit,et al.  Understanding molecular simulation: from algorithms to applications , 1996 .

[14]  Fred G. Gustavson,et al.  Custom math functions for molecular dynamics , 2005, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[15]  Christopher M Dobson,et al.  Principles of protein folding, misfolding and aggregation. , 2004, Seminars in cell & developmental biology.

[16]  Robert S. Germain,et al.  Early performance data on the Blue Matter molecular simulation framework , 2005, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[17]  Tamar Schlick,et al.  A Family of Symplectic Integrators: Stability, Accuracy, and Molecular Dynamics Applications , 1997, SIAM J. Sci. Comput..

[18]  D. Baker,et al.  Design of a Novel Globular Protein Fold with Atomic-Level Accuracy , 2003, Science.

[19]  G. Gimpl,et al.  Regulation of receptor function by cholesterol , 2000, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS.

[20]  K. Sanbonmatsu,et al.  Exploring the energy landscape of a beta hairpin in explicit solvent. , 2001, Proteins.

[21]  L. Bolund,et al.  Protein misfolding and degradation in genetic diseases , 1999, Human mutation.

[22]  Burton J. Litman,et al.  A role for phospholipid polyunsaturation in modulating membrane protein function , 2007, Lipids.

[23]  H. Khorana,et al.  Structure and function in rhodopsin: kinetic studies of retinal binding to purified opsin mutants in defined phospholipid-detergent mixtures serve as probes of the retinal binding pocket. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[24]  Donna L. Gresh,et al.  Case study: an environment for understanding protein simulations using game graphics , 2001, Proceedings Visualization, 2001. VIS '01..

[25]  B. Berne,et al.  The free energy landscape for beta hairpin folding in explicit water. , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[26]  Thomas B Woolf,et al.  Molecular dynamics simulation of dark-adapted rhodopsin in an explicit membrane bilayer: coupling between local retinal and larger scale conformational change. , 2003, Journal of molecular biology.

[27]  Y. Sugita,et al.  Replica-exchange molecular dynamics method for protein folding , 1999 .

[28]  B. Litman,et al.  Cholesterol dependent recruitment of di22:6-PC by a G protein-coupled receptor into lateral domains. , 2000, Biophysical journal.

[29]  D. C. Mitchell,et al.  Optimization of Receptor-G Protein Coupling by Bilayer Lipid Composition I , 2001, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[30]  Roland Contreras,et al.  Structure and function in rhodopsin: High-level expression of rhodopsin with restricted and homogeneous N-glycosylation by a tetracycline-inducible N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I-negative HEK293S stable mammalian cell line , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[31]  E. Sackmann,et al.  Anisotropic motion of cholesterol in oriented DPPC bilayers studied by quasielastic neutron scattering: the liquid-ordered phase. , 1999, Biophysical journal.

[32]  K. Palczewski,et al.  Crystal Structure of Rhodopsin: A G‐Protein‐Coupled Receptor , 2000, Science.

[33]  J. Richardson,et al.  The anatomy and taxonomy of protein structure. , 1981, Advances in protein chemistry.

[34]  T. Sakmar,et al.  Rhodopsin activation affects the environment of specific neighboring phospholipids: an FTIR spectroscopic study. , 2000, Biophysical journal.

[35]  L. Looger,et al.  Computational design of receptor and sensor proteins with novel functions , 2003, Nature.

[36]  Ajay K. Royyuru,et al.  Blue Gene: A vision for protein science using a petaflop supercomputer , 2001, IBM Syst. J..

[37]  C. Levinthal Are there pathways for protein folding , 1968 .

[38]  William Swope,et al.  Describing Protein Folding Kinetics by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. 2. Example Applications to Alanine Dipeptide and a β-Hairpin Peptide† , 2004 .