Micro-/nano-electroporation for active gene delivery.

Gene delivery, a process of introducing foreign functional nucleic acids into target cells, has proven to be a very promising tool for inducing specific gene expression in host cells. Many different technologies have been developed for efficient gene delivery. Among them, electroporation has been adopted in gene delivery for decades, and it is currently widely used for transfection of different types of cells. Despite of the success achieved by bulk electroporation (BEP) for gene delivery in vitro and in vivo, it has significant drawbacks such as unstable transfection efficacy and low cell viability. In recent years, there is an emerging interest in understanding how individual cell accepts and responds to exogenous gene materials using single cell based micro-/nano-electroporation (MEP/NEP) technologies. In this review, the authors provide an overview of the recent development of MEP/NEP and their advantages in gene delivery. Additionally, the future perspectives of gene delivery with the application of electroporation are discussed.

[1]  Xinxia Cai,et al.  Small-volume solution current-time behavior study for application in reverse iontophoresis-based non-invasive blood glucose monitoring , 2011 .

[2]  Majid Minary-Jolandan,et al.  Nanofountain probe electroporation (NFP-E) of single cells. , 2013, Nano letters.

[3]  M. Sioud.  Cytoplasmic delivery of siRNAs to monocytes and dendritic cells via electroporation. , 2015, Methods in molecular biology.

[4]  Brian E. Henslee,et al.  Gene transfection of mammalian cells using membrane sandwich electroporation. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[5]  Lingna He,et al.  Design of a microchannel-nanochannel-microchannel array based nanoelectroporation system for precise gene transfection. , 2014, Small.

[6]  Alan V. Sahakian,et al.  The optimization of needle electrode number and placement for irreversible electroporation of hepatocellular carcinoma , 2012, Radiology and oncology.

[7]  Yong Huang,et al.  Microfabricated electroporation chip for single cell membrane permeabilization , 2001 .

[8]  Jing Wang,et al.  Sensitivity and complex impedance of nanometer zirconia thick film humidity sensors , 2009 .

[9]  Yu-Cheng Lin,et al.  Electroporation microchips for continuous gene transfection , 2001 .

[10]  Luke P. Lee,et al.  Single-cell electroporation arrays with real-time monitoring and feedback control. , 2007, Lab on a chip.

[11]  Helene Andersson-Svahn,et al.  Overview of single-cell analyses: microdevices and applications. , 2010, Lab on a chip.

[12]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Microscale electroporation: challenges and perspectives for clinical applications. , 2009, Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro.

[13]  Dongqing Li,et al.  A Theoretical Study of Single-Cell Electroporation in a Microchannel , 2013, The Journal of Membrane Biology.

[14]  Héloïse Ragelle,et al.  Chitosan-based siRNA delivery systems. , 2013, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[15]  Lingqian Chang,et al.  Magnetic tweezers-based 3D microchannel electroporation for high-throughput gene transfection in living cells. , 2015, Small.

[16]  Daniel Anderson,et al.  Delivery materials for siRNA therapeutics. , 2013, Nature materials.

[17]  N. Hotchin,et al.  Electroporation and Microinjection Successfully Deliver Single-Stranded and Duplex DNA into Live Cells as Detected by FRET Measurements , 2014, PloS one.

[18]  Y. Zhan,et al.  Electroporation of cells in microfluidic droplets. , 2009, Analytical chemistry.

[19]  L. Teng,et al.  Nanomedicine based on nucleic acids: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic perspectives. , 2014, Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.

[20]  M. Rols,et al.  A 3D in vitro spheroid model as a way to study the mechanisms of electroporation. , 2009, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[21]  D. Dean,et al.  Electroporation-mediated gene delivery. , 2015, Advances in genetics.

[22]  L. J. Lee,et al.  A microfluidic method to synthesize transferrin-lipid nanoparticles loaded with siRNA LOR-1284 for therapy of acute myeloid leukemia. , 2014, Nanoscale.

[23]  J Teissié,et al.  Direct observation in the millisecond time range of fluorescent molecule asymmetrical interaction with the electropermeabilized cell membrane. , 1997, Biophysical journal.

[24]  E. Zandi,et al.  Site-specific modification of adeno-associated viruses via a genetically engineered aldehyde tag. , 2013, Small.

[25]  Wim E Hennink,et al.  SiRNA delivery with functionalized carbon nanotubes. , 2011, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[26]  Rashid Bashir,et al.  Ultra-localized single cell electroporation using silicon nanowires. , 2013, Lab on a chip.

[27]  R. Guy,et al.  Physical methods for gene transfer: improving the kinetics of gene delivery into cells. , 2005, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[28]  Lauren M. Sassoubre,et al.  Conducting nanosponge electroporation for affordable and high-efficiency disinfection of bacteria and viruses in water. , 2013, Nano letters.

[29]  A. van den Berg,et al.  Gene transfer and protein dynamics in stem cells using single cell electroporation in a microfluidic device. , 2008, Lab on a chip.

[30]  Tairong Kuang,et al.  Effect of nanoporous structure and polymer brushes on the ionic conductivity of poly(methacrylic acid)/anode aluminum oxide hybrid membranes , 2015 .

[31]  Shengnian Wang,et al.  Micronozzle array enhanced sandwich electroporation of embryonic stem cells. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[32]  Y. Bazargan-Lari,et al.  Numerical Modeling of Bi-polar (AC) Pulse Electroporation of Single Cell in Microchannel to Create Nanopores on its Membrane , 2014, The Journal of Membrane Biology.

[33]  Boris Rubinsky,et al.  Micro-Electroporation: Improving the Efficiency and Understanding of Electrical Permeabilization of Cells , 1999 .

[34]  H. Iwata,et al.  Layer-by-layer assembly of small interfering RNA and poly(ethyleneimine) for substrate-mediated electroporation with high efficiency , 2010, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[35]  Naoki Miyano,et al.  Gene transfer device utilizing micron-spiked electrodes produced by the self-organization phenomenon of Fe-alloy. , 2008, Lab on a chip.

[36]  S. Nishikawa,et al.  Optimization of Single-Cell Electroporation Protocol for Forced Gene Expression in Primary Neuronal Cultures , 2014, Molecular Biotechnology.

[37]  Shengnian Wang,et al.  Micro-/nanofluidics based cell electroporation. , 2013, Biomicrofluidics.

[38]  R. Hoeben,et al.  Insertion vectors for gene therapy , 2000, Gene Therapy.

[39]  Chang Lu,et al.  Microfluidic electroporation for cellular analysis and delivery. , 2013, Lab on a chip.

[40]  Chun-Sing Lee,et al.  Micro- and nanotechnologies for intracellular delivery. , 2014, Small.

[41]  Bo Yu,et al.  Nanochannel electroporation delivers precise amounts of biomolecules into living cells. , 2011, Nature nanotechnology.

[42]  Kathleen A. Marshall,et al.  Safety and efficacy of gene transfer for Leber's congenital amaurosis. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[43]  H. C. Mastwijk,et al.  Electroporation of cells in microfluidic devices: a review , 2006, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[44]  C. Matea,et al.  Efficient siRNA delivery system using carboxilated single-wall carbon nanotubes in cancer treatment. , 2012, Journal of biomedical nanotechnology.

[45]  T. Kanazawa,et al.  Delivery of siRNA to the brain using a combination of nose-to-brain delivery and cell-penetrating peptide-modified nano-micelles. , 2013, Biomaterials.

[46]  R. Barker,et al.  Long-term safety and tolerability of ProSavin, a lentiviral vector-based gene therapy for Parkinson's disease: a dose escalation, open-label, phase 1/2 trial , 2014, The Lancet.

[47]  Sinwook Park,et al.  Individually addressable multi-chamber electroporation platform with dielectrophoresis and alternating-current-electro-osmosis assisted cell positioning. , 2014, Biomicrofluidics.

[48]  N. Svrzikapa,et al.  First-in-humans trial of an RNA interference therapeutic targeting VEGF and KSP in cancer patients with liver involvement. , 2013, Cancer discovery.

[49]  Ying Lu,et al.  An individually addressable suspended-drop electroporation system for high-throughput cell transfection. , 2014, Lab on a chip.

[50]  J. Xie,et al.  A Polyethylenimine-Linoleic Acid Conjugate for Antisense Oligonucleotide Delivery , 2013, BioMed research international.

[51]  Jan Gimsa,et al.  Recording electric potentials from single adherent cells with 3D microelectrode arrays after local electroporation. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[52]  Chandan K Sen,et al.  Dielectrophoresis-assisted 3D nanoelectroporation for non-viral cell transfection in adoptive immunotherapy. , 2015, Lab on a chip.

[53]  M. Sällberg,et al.  Electroporation for therapeutic DNA vaccination in patients , 2014, Medical Microbiology and Immunology.

[54]  B. Cui,et al.  Intracellular Recording of Action Potentials by Nanopillar Electroporation , 2012, Nature nanotechnology.

[55]  J. Voldman,et al.  Probing embryonic stem cell autocrine and paracrine signaling using microfluidics. , 2012, Annual review of analytical chemistry.

[56]  L. Lee,et al.  Static micromixer-coaxial electrospray synthesis of theranostic lipoplexes. , 2012, ACS nano.

[57]  Yarong Liu,et al.  Endocytic processing of adeno-associated virus type 8 vectors for transduction of target cells , 2012, Gene Therapy.

[58]  S. Bhatia,et al.  Nanotechnology: emerging tools for biology and medicine , 2013, Genes & development.