Arterial and cardiac aging: major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises: Part II: the aging heart in health: links to heart disease.

The preceding article in this series1 reviewed evidence as to why age-associated changes in the central arterial system are risky with respect to vascular disease. In a similar vane, the focus of this article is on the potential link between age-associated changes in the heart and clinical cardiac disease outcomes. Left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation increase dramatically with age (Figure 1). The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) also increases with rising blood pressure and body mass index, a measure of obesity.2–4 Whether identified by electrocardiography or echocardiography, left ventricular hypertrophy has been shown to be associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease, sudden death, stroke, and overall cardiovascular disease.4,5 Figure 1. A, Prevalence of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in women according to baseline age and systolic blood pressure. B, Prevalence of echocardiographic LVH in men according to baseline age and systolic blood pressure. Both A and B are reprinted from Levy D, Anderson KM, Savage DD, et al. Echocardiographically detected left ventricular hypertrophy: prevalence and risk factors: the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med . 1988;108:7–13. C, Prevalence of heart failure by age in Framingham Heart Study men (light bars) and women (dark bars). Reprinted from Ho KK, Pinsky JL, Kannel WB, et al. The epidemiology of heart failure: the Framingham Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:6A–13A. D, Prevalence of AF by age in subjects from the Framingham Heart Study. Reprinted from Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke . 1991;22:983–988. It has been increasingly appreciated that the development of heart failure with apparently preserved systolic function, as evidenced by a “normal” ejection fraction, occurs in about one-third to one-half of older patients with heart failure.6–9 In a …

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