Measurement of the onset of quasi-saturation in bipolar transistors

Abstract The onset of quasi-saturation in a bipolar transistor is accompanied by hFE- and fT-fall-off and by an increase in h.f. distortion (intermodulation and cross-modulation). We show that the boundary between normal and quasi-saturated operation is easily established experimentally by measuring the l.f. third harmonics of the collector current, as a function of bias voltage and current. Examples are given for ohmic, tepid and hot carrier current flow in the epitaxial collector region.