‘Smart – not only intelligent!’ Co-creating priorities and design direction for ‘smart’ footwear to support independent ageing.

ABSTRACT With an ageing population there is a growing need for technology that enables older adults to live independently for longer. The EU Horizon2020 funded MATUROLIFE project is focused on developing solutions that embed smart textiles to support well-being and independence in older adults. The study described here aimed to explore and initiate development of ‘smart’ footwear embedding assistive technology. A qualitative research strategy was employed including interviews with 37 older adults and co-creation activities with 56 older adults. Participants were recruited from eight European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, Turkey, and United Kingdom). The results detail the specific needs that older adults have in relation to footwear based on the daily activities they take part in. Participants shared their footwear fashion preferences, as well as their priorities for assistive functionality. A set-of co-created priorities and concept ideas are presented that consider how footwear might enable independent ageing.

[1]  Laura Montanini,et al.  A simple object for elderly vitality monitoring: The smart insole , 2014, 2014 IEEE/ASME 10th International Conference on Mechatronic and Embedded Systems and Applications (MESA).

[2]  Margrit Schreier,et al.  Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice , 2012 .

[3]  Subrata Mondal,et al.  Phase change materials for smart textiles – An overview , 2008 .

[4]  H Mattila Intelligent textiles for medical and monitoring applications , 2006 .

[5]  Juan-Manuel Belda-Lois,et al.  20 – Intelligent textiles for medical and monitoring applications , 2006 .

[6]  Alessandro Chiolerio,et al.  Wearable Electronics and Smart Textiles: A Critical Review , 2014, Sensors.

[7]  Franz Konstantin Fuss,et al.  Design of Low Cost Smart Insole for Real Time Measurement of Plantar Pressure , 2015 .

[8]  Xiaoming Tao Sensors in garments , 2002 .

[9]  Lena Berglin Smart Textiles and Wearable Technology , 2013 .

[10]  Edward Sazonov,et al.  A Comparative Review of Footwear-Based Wearable Systems , 2016 .

[11]  Emily R. Rosario,et al.  Evaluation of a Wearable “Smart Socks” Gait Monitoring System for Improving Rehabilitation , 2016 .

[12]  D. C. Jones The role of wearable electronics in meeting the needs of the active ageing population , 2015 .

[13]  Jasmine C Menant,et al.  Optimizing footwear for older people at risk of falls. , 2008, Journal of rehabilitation research and development.

[14]  Kerimcan Ozcan,et al.  What is co-creation? An interactional creation framework and its implications for value creation , 2018 .

[15]  Richard E. Boyatzis,et al.  Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development , 1998 .

[16]  Xuemei Sun,et al.  Smart Electronic Textiles. , 2016, Angewandte Chemie.

[17]  Jeffrey Soar,et al.  Older people, assistive technologies, and the barriers to adoption: A systematic review , 2016, Int. J. Medical Informatics.

[18]  M. Morris,et al.  Footwear Characteristics and Foot Problems in Older People , 2005, Gerontology.

[19]  S. Mondal,et al.  9 – Study of shape memory polymer films for breathable textiles , 2006 .

[20]  L. Langenhove Smart textiles for medicine and healthcare : materials, systems and applications , 2007 .

[21]  H. Mattila Intelligent textiles and clothing , 2006 .

[22]  Hung Nguyen,et al.  Toward Smart Footwear to Track Frailty Phenotypes—Using Propulsion Performance to Determine Frailty , 2018, Sensors.

[23]  Amy E. Muchna,et al.  Foot Problems in Older Adults Associations with Incident Falls, Frailty Syndrome, and Sensor-Derived Gait, Balance, and Physical Activity Measures. , 2017, Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association.

[24]  Carla Hertleer,et al.  Smart clothing: a new life , 2004 .

[25]  George K Stylios,et al.  An overview of smart technologies for clothing design and engineering , 2006 .

[26]  N. Chockalingam,et al.  Footwear choices for painful feet – an observational study exploring footwear and foot problems in women , 2018, Journal of Foot and Ankle Research.

[27]  R. Schwarzkopf,et al.  Foot and shoe size mismatch in three different New York City populations. , 2011, The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.

[28]  Wenyao Xu,et al.  Smart Insole: A Wearable Sensor Device for Unobtrusive Gait Monitoring in Daily Life , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[29]  Bella Martin,et al.  Universal Methods of Design: 100 Ways to Research Complex Problems, Develop Innovative Ideas, and Design Effective Solutions , 2012 .

[30]  P. López,et al.  Footwear used by older people and a history of hyperkeratotic lesions on the foot : a prospective observational study , 2017 .

[31]  Yohan Payan,et al.  Smart Diabetic Socks: Embedded device for diabetic foot prevention , 2014, 1404.3993.

[32]  Majid Sarrafzadeh,et al.  Smart insole: a wearable system for gait analysis , 2012, PETRA '12.

[33]  Begonya Garcia-Zapirain,et al.  Gait Analysis Methods: An Overview of Wearable and Non-Wearable Systems, Highlighting Clinical Applications , 2014, Sensors.

[34]  Jean-Yves Fourniols,et al.  Smart wearable systems: Current status and future challenges , 2012, Artif. Intell. Medicine.

[35]  L. V. Pieterson,et al.  Smart textiles: Challenges and opportunities , 2012 .

[36]  M. Goehring,et al.  The Effects of Footwear on Postural Sway: A Pilot Study , 2018, Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics.

[37]  J. Ritchie,et al.  Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers , 2013 .

[38]  Sima Ajami,et al.  Features and application of wearable biosensors in medical care , 2015, Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.

[39]  Kyoungchul Kong,et al.  A mobile motion capture system based on inertial sensors and smart shoes , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[40]  Pieter Jan Stappers,et al.  Co-creation and the new landscapes of design , 2008 .

[41]  David Harrison,et al.  The future design direction of Smart Clothing development , 2005 .

[42]  Juyeon Park,et al.  Understanding new technology adoption in the apparel and footwear industry within a social framework: a case of rapid prototyping technology , 2009 .

[43]  Hooman Mohseni,et al.  An Optical-Fiber-Based Smart Textile (Smart Socks) to Manage Biomechanical Risk Factors Associated With Diabetic Foot Amputation , 2017, Journal of diabetes science and technology.

[44]  S. Mondal,et al.  7 – Temperature sensitive shape memory polymers for smart textile applications , 2006 .

[45]  X. Tao,et al.  Fiber‐Based Wearable Electronics: A Review of Materials, Fabrication, Devices, and Applications , 2014, Advanced materials.

[46]  M E T McMurdo,et al.  Older people and ill fitting shoes , 2002, Postgraduate medical journal.

[47]  Chaiwoo Lee Adoption of Smart Technology Among Older Adults: Challenges and Issues , 2014 .

[48]  Enam M. Elsayed,et al.  Synthesis of smart medical socks for diabetic foot ulcers patients , 2017, Fibers and Polymers.

[49]  Chia-Ching Chou,et al.  Smart shoes design with embedded monitoring electronics system for healthcare and fitness applications , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Taiwan (ICCE-TW).

[50]  Lieva Van Langenhove,et al.  SMART TEXTILES FOR MEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE , 2007 .

[51]  Jung-Yong Lee,et al.  Wearable textile battery rechargeable by solar energy. , 2013, Nano letters.

[52]  Javad Razjouyan,et al.  Smarter Sole Survival: Will Neuropathic Patients at High Risk for Ulceration Use a Smart Insole-Based Foot Protection System? , 2017, Journal of diabetes science and technology.

[53]  Yan Li,et al.  Explore consumer needs and design purposes of smart clothing from designers’ perspectives , 2017 .

[54]  Franz Konstantin Fuss,et al.  Development of a Smart Insole for Medical and Sports Purposes , 2015 .

[55]  Allan F Tencer,et al.  Footwear Style and Risk of Falls in Older Adults , 2004, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[56]  H. Menz Foot problems in older people : assessment and management , 2008 .

[57]  F. Thompson,et al.  The high price of high-fashion footwear. , 1994, Instructional course lectures.

[58]  Bjoern M. Eskofier,et al.  An Overview of Smart Shoes in the Internet of Health Things: Gait and Mobility Assessment in Health Promotion and Disease Monitoring , 2017 .

[59]  J. McCann,et al.  Textile-led design for the active ageing population , 2015 .

[60]  Alexei Katashev,et al.  Development of Smart Sock System for Gate Analysis and Foot Pressure Control , 2016 .

[61]  H. Menz,et al.  Effects of Footwear Features on Balance and Stepping in Older People , 2008, Gerontology.

[62]  K. S. Park,et al.  Fall detection algorithm for the elderly using acceleration sensors on the shoes , 2011, 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[63]  V. Braun,et al.  Using thematic analysis in psychology , 2006 .

[64]  T. Fisher,et al.  Third Age Men's Experience of Fashion and Clothing , 2015, Age, Culture, Humanities: An Interdisciplinary Journal.

[65]  Ja Hoon Koo,et al.  Conductive Fiber‐Based Ultrasensitive Textile Pressure Sensor for Wearable Electronics , 2015, Advanced materials.

[66]  R SCHOBINGER,et al.  Varix involving the tibia. , 1962, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[67]  Kristi Jackson,et al.  Qualitative Data Analysis with NVivo , 2007 .