End-stage renal failure reduces central clearance and prolongs the elimination half life of remifentanil

PurposeTo evaluate the pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in 13 end-stage renal failure patients compared to matched control patients with normal renal function.MethodsRemifentanil was infused for 20 min at a rate of 0.1 μg·kg−1·min−1. Serial arterial blood samples (3 mL) were drawn at the start of infusion (zero), five, ten, 15, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 min. Blood samples were immediately preserved with citric acid and chilled on ice. High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry concentration assay was performed using GI 95779B internal standard.ResultsA two-compartment pharmacokinetic model provided an adequate fit for individual patient data. There was no difference in the mean ± SD distribution half life (t1/2) between the renal failure group (1.65 ± 0.7 min) and the control group (1.58 ± 0.54 min). There was a significant difference in the central clearance (Clc) and elimination half life (t1/2 ß) between the renal failure group (28 ± 7 mL·kg−1·min−1 and 18.86 ± 2.06 min, respectively) and the control group (46.3 ± 13.8 mL·kg−1·min−1 and 16.35 ± 2.99 min, respectively). Remifentanil blood concentrations were significantly higher in the renal failure group than in the control group.ConclusionWe have demonstrated a significant reduction in the Clc and a prolongation of t1/2 ß of remifentanil in end-stage renal failure patients. While statistically significant, these variations in the pharmacokinetics of remifentanil were clinically modest and may be explained by a reduced volume of distribution in the period following hemodialysis.RésuméObjectifÉvaluer la pharmacocinétique du rémifentanil chez 13 patients présentant une insuffisance rénale terminale, comparés à des témoins appariés dont la fonction rénale est normale.MéthodeLe rémifentanil a été perfusé pendant 20 min à 0,1 μg·kg−1·min−1. Une série d’échantillons de sang artériel (3 mL) a été prélevée au début de la perfusion (zéro), puis à cinq, dix, 15, 20, 22,5, 25, 27,5, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 et 60 min. Le sang a été préservé avec de l’acide citrique et conservé sur de la glace. Une analyse des concentrations par chromatographie liquide haute performance et spectrométrie de masse en tandem a été réalisée en utilisant un étalon interne GI 95779B.RésultatsUn modèle pharmacocinétique à deux compartiments a fourni un ajustement adéquat des données de chaque patient. II n’y a pas eu de différence de demi-vie de distribution moyenne ± l’écart type (t1/2 α) entre les patients atteints d’insuffisance renale (1,65 ± 0,7 min) et les patients témoins (1,58 ± 0,54 min). II y a eu une différence significative de clairance centrale (Clc) et de demi-vie d’élimination (t1/2 ß) entre le groupe d’insuffisance rénale (28 ± 7 mL·kg−1·min−1 et 18,86 ± 2,06 min, respectivement) et le groupe témoin (46,3 ± 13,8 mL·kg−1·min−1 et 16,35 ± 2,99 min, respectivement). Les concentrations sanguines de rémifentanil ont été significativement plus élevées chez les patients atteints d’insuffisance rénale.ConclusionNous avons démontré une réduction significative de la Clc et une prolongation de t1/2 ß du rémifentanil chez des patients atteints d’insuffisance rénale terminale. Quoique statistiquement significatives, ces variations de la pharmacocinétique du rémifentanil sont cliniquement faibles et peuvent s’expliquer par la réduction du volume de distribution qui suit l’hémodialyse.

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