Brief review of the chicken Major Histocompatibility Complex: the genes, their distribution on chromosome 16, and their contributions to disease resistance

ABSTRACT Nearly all genes presently mapped to chicken chromosome 16 (GGA 16) have either a demonstrated role in immune responses or are considered to serve in immunity by reason of sequence homology with immune system genes defined in other species. The genes are best described in regional units. Among these, the best known is the polymorphic major histocompatibility complex-B (MHC-B ) region containing genes for classical peptide antigen presentation. Nearby MHC-B is a small region containing two CD1 genes, which encode molecules known to bind lipid antigens and which will likely be found in chickens to present lipids to specialized T cells, as occurs with CD1 molecules in other species. Another region is the MHC-Y region, separated from MHC-B by an intervening region of tandem repeats. Like MHC-B, MHC-Y is polymorphic. It contains specialized class I and class II genes and c-type lectin-like genes. Yet another region, separated from MHC-Y by the single nucleolar organizing region ( NOR ) in the chicken genome, contains olfactory receptor genes and scavenger receptor genes, which are also thought to contribute to immunity. The structure, distribution, linkages and patterns of polymorphism in these regions, suggest GGA 16 evolves as a microchromosome devoted to immune defense. Many GGA 16 genes are polymorphic and polygenic. At the moment most disease associations are at the haplotype level. Roles of individual MHC genes in disease resistance are documented in only a very few instances. Provided suitable experimental stocks persist, the availability of increasingly detailed maps of GGA 16 genes combined with new means for detecting genetic variability will lead to investigations defining the contributions of individual loci and more applications for immunogenetics in breeding healthy poultry.

[1]  Sophie Leroux,et al.  Integrative mapping analysis of chicken microchromosome 16 organization , 2010, BMC Genomics.

[2]  J. Dodgson,et al.  A CLASS I cDNA FROM SPAFAS LINE‐11 CHICKENS , 1994, European journal of immunogenetics : official journal of the British Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics.

[3]  T. Elliott,et al.  A Mechanistic Basis for the Co-evolution of Chicken Tapasin and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I (MHC I) Proteins* , 2013, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[4]  B. Guldbrandtsen,et al.  A polymorphic major histocompatibility complex class II-like locus maps outside of both the chicken B-system and Rfp-Y-system. , 2000, European journal of immunogenetics.

[5]  Marcia M. Miller,et al.  Extended Gene Map Reveals Tripartite Motif, C-Type Lectin, and Ig Superfamily Type Genes within a Subregion of the Chicken MHC-B Affecting Infectious Disease12 , 2007, The Journal of Immunology.

[6]  S. Lamont,et al.  Candidate genes for resistance to Salmonella enteritidis colonization in chickens as detected in a novel genetic cross. , 2002, Veterinary immunology and immunopathology.

[7]  Marcia M. Miller,et al.  2004 Nomenclature for the chicken major histocompatibility (B and Y ) complex , 2004, Immunogenetics.

[8]  P. Wigley,et al.  Faecal shedding and intestinal colonization of Salmonella enterica in in-bred chickens: the effect of host-genetic background , 2004, Epidemiology and Infection.

[9]  W. Briles,et al.  Marek's disease: effects of B histocompatibility alloalleles in resistant and susceptible chicken lines. , 1977, Science.

[10]  R. Taylor,et al.  Differential resistance to Staphylococcus aureus challenge in major histocompatibility (B) complex congenic lines. , 1992, Poultry science.

[11]  L. Bacon,et al.  Efficacy of Marek's disease vaccines in Mhc heterozygous chickens: Mhc congenic x inbred line F1 matings. , 1995, The Journal of heredity.

[12]  M. Delany,et al.  MHC haplotype involvement in avian resistance to an ectoparasite , 2008, Immunogenetics.

[13]  C. Auffray,et al.  The major histocompatibility complex in the chicken. , 1989, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[14]  K. Hála,et al.  A three-locus model for the chicken major histocompatibility complex , 1977, Immunogenetics.

[15]  Sylvia S. N. Reemers,et al.  Edinburgh Research Explorer Identification of Novel Avian Influenza Virus Derived CD8+T-Cell Epitopes , 2022 .

[16]  Marcia M. Miller,et al.  At least one YMHCI molecule in the chicken is alloimmunogenic and dynamically expressed on spleen cells during development , 2006, Immunogenetics.

[17]  D. Morris,et al.  Avian Resistance to Campylobacter jejuni Colonization Is Associated with an Intestinal Immunogene Expression Signature Identified by mRNA Sequencing , 2012, PloS one.

[18]  G. Jungersen,et al.  Comparison of parasite-specific immunoglobulin levels in two chicken lines during sustained infection with Ascaridia galli. , 2013, Veterinary parasitology.

[19]  W. Briles,et al.  On multiple alleles effecting cellular antigens in the chicken. , 1950, Genetics.

[20]  C. Auffray,et al.  Isolation of chicken major histocompatibility complex class II (B‐L) beta chain sequences: comparison with mammalian beta chains and expression in lymphoid organs. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[21]  J. Telfer,et al.  WC1 Is a Hybrid γδ TCR Coreceptor and Pattern Recognition Receptor for Pathogenic Bacteria , 2015, The Journal of Immunology.

[22]  G. T. Pharr,et al.  Histocompatibility antigen(s) linked to Rfp-Y (Mhc-like) genes in the chicken , 1996, Immunogenetics.

[23]  Marcia M. Miller,et al.  MHC class I target recognition, immunophenotypes and proteomic profiles of natural killer cells within the spleens of day-14 chick embryos. , 2012, Developmental and comparative immunology.

[24]  C. Auffray,et al.  Organization of a functional chicken class II B gene , 2004, Immunogenetics.

[25]  J. Plachy,et al.  Tumor induction by the LTR, v-src, LTR DNA in four B (MHC) congenic lines of chickens , 1992, Immunogenetics.

[26]  H. Hunt,et al.  Molecular analysis reveals MHC class I intra-locus recombination in the chicken , 2005, Immunogenetics.

[27]  Michael B Brenner,et al.  Characterization of two avian MHC-like genes reveals an ancient origin of the CD1 family. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[28]  K. Schat,et al.  Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in reticuloendotheliosis virus‐infected chickens , 1989, European journal of immunology.

[29]  W. M. Collins,et al.  Major histocompatibility (B) complex effects on acquired immunity to cecal coccidiosis , 2004, Immunogenetics.

[30]  C. Auffray,et al.  Chicken major histocompatibility complex class II B genes: analysis of interallelic and inter‐locus sequence variance , 1993, European journal of immunology.

[31]  C. Auffray,et al.  A molecular map of the chicken B complex. , 1989, Progress in clinical and biological research.

[32]  R. Taylor.  Major histocompatibility (B) complex control of responses against Rous sarcomas. , 2004, Poultry science.

[33]  Ann Marie O'Neill,et al.  The chicken BF1 (classical MHC class I) gene shows evidence of selection for diversity in expression and in promoter and signal peptide regions , 2009, Immunogenetics.

[34]  Y. Drechsler,et al.  Dramatic differences in the response of macrophages from B2 and B19 MHC-defined haplotypes to interferon gamma and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid stimulation , 2014, Poultry Science.

[35]  Marcia M. Miller,et al.  Contribution of Mutation, Recombination, and Gene Conversion to Chicken Mhc-B Haplotype Diversity12 , 2008, The Journal of Immunology.

[36]  L. Bacon,et al.  Influence of B-haplotype on the relative efficacy of Marek's disease vaccines of different serotypes. , 1993, Avian diseases.

[37]  R. Taylor,et al.  B-complex associated immunity to Salmonella enteritidis challenge in congenic chickens. , 1998, Poultry science.

[38]  J. Kaufman,et al.  Peptide motifs of the single dominantly expressed class I molecule explain the striking MHC-determined response to Rous sarcoma virus in chickens , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[39]  L. Komuves,et al.  Zipper Protein, a B-G Protein with the Ability to Regulate Actin/Myosin 1 Interactions in the Intestinal Brush Border (*) , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[40]  J. Kaufman,et al.  Analysis of part of the chicken Rfp-Y region reveals two novel lectin genes, the first complete genomic sequence of a class I α-chain gene, a truncated class II β-chain gene, and a large CR1 repeat , 2003, Immunogenetics.

[41]  S. Lamont,et al.  Chicken MHC class I and II gene effects on antibody response kinetics in adult chickens , 2003, Immunogenetics.

[42]  S. Lamont,et al.  Genetic resistance to fowl cholera is linked to the major histocompatibility complex , 2004, Immunogenetics.

[43]  S. Beck,et al.  MHC-linked olfactory receptor loci exhibit polymorphism and contribute to extended HLA/OR-haplotypes. , 2000, Genome research.

[44]  C. Auffray,et al.  Structure, biosynthesis, and polymorphism of chicken MHC class II (B-L) antigens and associated molecules. , 1986, Journal of immunology.

[45]  D. Zajonc,et al.  Structural Basis for Lipid-Antigen Recognition in Avian Immunity , 2010, The Journal of Immunology.

[46]  J. Kaufman,et al.  A “Minimal Essential Mhc” and an “Unrecognized Mhc”: Two Extremes in Selection for Polymorphism , 1995, Immunological reviews.

[47]  John D Lambris,et al.  Different features of the MHC class I heterodimer have evolved at different rates. Chicken B-F and beta 2-microglobulin sequences reveal invariant surface residues. , 1992, Journal of immunology.

[48]  L. Bacon,et al.  B haplotype influence on the relative efficacy of Marek's disease vaccines in commercial chickens. , 1994, Poultry science.

[49]  S. Ewald,et al.  Distinctive polymorphism of chicken B-FI (major histocompatibility complex class I) molecules. , 2004, Poultry science.

[50]  R. Etches,et al.  Retrospective evidence that the MHC (B haplotype) of chickens influences genetic resistance to attenuated infectious bronchitis vaccine strains in chickens , 2004, Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A.

[51]  K. Schat,et al.  Resistance to Marek's disease in chickens with recombinant haplotypes to the major histocompatibility (B) complex. , 1994, Poultry science.

[52]  D. Hawke,et al.  Immunoglobulin variable-region-like domains of diverse sequence within the major histocompatibility complex of the chicken. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[53]  Marcia M. Miller,et al.  Structure of a Classical MHC Class I Molecule That Binds “Non-Classical” Ligands , 2010, PLoS biology.

[54]  O. Vainio,et al.  B-L antigens (Class II) of the chicken major histocompatibility complex control T-B cell interaction , 2004, Immunogenetics.

[55]  J. Plachy,et al.  src-specific immunity in inbred chickens bearing v-src DNA- and RSV-induced tumors , 2004, Immunogenetics.

[56]  S. Lamont,et al.  Rfp-Y region polymorphism and Marek's disease resistance in multitrait immunocompetence-selected chicken lines. , 1998, Poultry science.

[57]  A. Fadly,et al.  B5 and B15 associated with progressive Marek's disease, Rous sarcoma, and avian leukosis virus-induced tumors in inbred 15I4 chickens. , 1983, Poultry science.

[58]  A. Nordskog,et al.  Relationship of Blood Type to Histocompatibility in Chickens , 1961, Science.

[59]  J. Dodgson,et al.  Identification of class II major histocompatibility complex polymorphisms predicted to be important in peptide antigen presentation. , 1993, Poultry science.

[60]  M. Kasahara,et al.  Chicken CD1 genes are located in the MHC: CD1 and endothelial protein C receptor genes constitute a distinct subfamily of class-I-like genes that predates the emergence of mammals , 2005, Immunogenetics.

[61]  R. Taylor,et al.  Response of six major histocompatibility (B) complex recombinant haplotypes to Rous sarcomas. , 1994, Poultry science.

[62]  R. Preisinger,et al.  Breeding to reduce susceptibility to Escherichia coli in layers. , 2009, Poultry Science.

[63]  S. Ewald,et al.  Diversity and locus specificity of chicken MHC B class I sequences. , 2004, Animal genetics.

[64]  B. Longenecker,et al.  Role of the major histocompatibility complex in resistance to Marek's disease: restriction of the growth of JMV-MD tumor cells in genetically resistant birds. , 1977, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[65]  E. Thacker,et al.  Functional analysis of avian class I (BFIV) glycoproteins by epitope tagging and mutagenesis in vitro , 1995, European journal of immunology.

[66]  Huaijun Zhou,et al.  Splenic gene expression profiling in White Leghorn layer inoculated with the Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. , 2015, Animal genetics.

[67]  J. Kaufman,et al.  High allelic polymorphism, moderate sequence diversity and diversifying selection for B-NK but not B-lec, the pair of lectin-like receptor genes in the chicken MHC , 2008, Immunogenetics.

[68]  N. Shen,et al.  Prediction and Identification of T Cell Epitopes in the H5N1 Influenza Virus Nucleoprotein in Chicken , 2012, PloS one.

[69]  R. Taylor,et al.  Major histocompatibility (B) complex control of the growth pattern of v-src DNA-induced primary tumors. , 1992, Virology.

[70]  J. Dodgson,et al.  Class II MHC cDNAs in 15I5B-congenic chickens , 1998, Immunogenetics.

[71]  J. Kaufman,et al.  v-src oncogene-specific carboxy-terminal peptide is immunoprotective against Rous sarcoma growth in chickens with MHC class I allele B-F12. , 2003, Vaccine.

[72]  J. Brugge,et al.  Identification of a transformation-specific antigen induced by an avian sarcoma virus , 1977, Nature.

[73]  Marcia M. Miller,et al.  Genotyping chickens for the B-G subregion of the major histocompatibility complex using restriction fragment length polymorphisms , 2004, Immunogenetics.

[74]  S. Ewald,et al.  Major histocompatibility complex effect on cellulitis among different chicken lines , 2002, Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A.

[75]  R. Taylor,et al.  Rous sarcoma growth in lines congenic for major histocompatibility (B) complex recombinants. , 2009, Poultry science.

[76]  Q. Wan,et al.  Genomic organization of the crested ibis MHC provides new insight into ancestral avian MHC structure , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[77]  L. W. Schierman,et al.  Increased growth of Rous sarcomas in chickens pretreated with formalinized syngeneic tumor cells , 1977, European journal of immunology.

[78]  N. Hinkle,et al.  External Parasites and Poultry Pests , 2013, Diseases of Poultry.

[79]  M. Delany,et al.  Host inflammatory response governs fitness in an avian ectoparasite, the northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum). , 2009, International journal for parasitology.

[80]  H. Hunt,et al.  The Influence of Host Genetics on Marek's Disease Virus Evolution , 2013, Avian diseases.

[81]  R. Taylor,et al.  Resistance, susceptibility, and immunity to Eimeria tenella in major histocompatibility (B) complex congenic lines. , 1997, Poultry science.

[82]  C. Auffray,et al.  Molecular analysis of chicken immune response genes. , 1988, Biochimie.

[83]  C. Auffray,et al.  A polymorphic system related to but genetically independent of the chicken major histocompatibility complex , 2004, Immunogenetics.

[84]  D. Maccubbin,et al.  MHC-restricted cytotoxic response of chicken T cells: expression, augmentation, and clonal characterization. , 1986, Journal of immunology.

[85]  C. Auffray,et al.  Identification of the Tapasin gene in the chicken major histocompatibility complex , 1999, Immunogenetics.

[86]  H. Nauwynck,et al.  Scavenger receptor CD163, a Jack-of-all-trades and potential target for cell-directed therapy. , 2010, Molecular immunology.

[87]  J. Kaufman,et al.  The dominantly expressed class I molecule of the chicken MHC is explained by coevolution with the polymorphic peptide transporter (TAP) genes , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[88]  Marcia M. Miller,et al.  Antigens similar to major histocompatibility complex B-G are expressed in the intestinal epithelium in the chicken , 2005, Immunogenetics.

[89]  A. Fadly,et al.  B-haplotype influence on Marek's disease, Rous sarcoma, and lymphoid leukosis virus-induced tumors in chickens. , 1981, Poultry science.

[90]  J. Kaufman,et al.  The properties of the single chicken MHC classical class II α chain (B-LA) gene indicate an ancient origin for the DR/E-like isotype of class II molecules , 2003, Immunogenetics.

[91]  C. Auffray,et al.  Assignment of Rfp-Y to the chicken major histocompatibility complex/NOR microchromosome and evidence for high-frequency recombination associated with the nucleolar organizer region. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[92]  C. Auffray,et al.  Linkage of a new member of the lectin supergene family to chicken Mhc genes , 2004, Immunogenetics.

[93]  C. Røntved,et al.  Major histocompatibility complex-linked immune response of young chickens vaccinated with an attenuated live infectious bursal disease virus vaccine followed by an infection. , 2002, Poultry science.

[94]  I. Wilson,et al.  The crystal structure of avian CD1 reveals a smaller, more primordial antigen-binding pocket compared to mammalian CD1 , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[95]  Malcolm J. McConville,et al.  MR1 presents microbial vitamin B metabolites to MAIT cells , 2012, Nature.

[96]  Søren Buus,et al.  Expression levels of MHC class I molecules are inversely correlated with promiscuity of peptide binding , 2015, eLife.

[97]  M. D. Ruff,et al.  Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella in 15.B-congenic White Leghorns. , 1989, Poultry science.

[98]  H. Lillehoj,et al.  Genetic control of immunity to Eimeria tenella. Interaction of MHC genes and non-MHC linked genes influences levels of disease susceptibility in chickens. , 1989, Veterinary immunology and immunopathology.

[99]  Marcia M. Miller,et al.  Rfp-Y genotype affects the fate of Rous sarcomas in B2B5 chickens , 2000, Immunogenetics.

[100]  Marcia M. Miller,et al.  Expression, purification and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the chicken MHC class I molecule YF1*7.1. Addendum , 2010, Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications.

[101]  Marcia M. Miller,et al.  Association of MHC class I and class II gene polymorphisms with vaccine or challenge response to Salmonella enteritidis in young chicks , 2002, Immunogenetics.

[102]  J. Kaufman,et al.  Chicken major histocompatibility complex-encoded B-G antigens are found on many cell types that are important for the immune system. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[103]  C. Auffray,et al.  At Least One Class I Gene in Restriction Fragment Pattern-Y (Rfp-Y), the Second MHC Gene Cluster in the Chicken, Is Transcribed, Polymorphic, and Shows Divergent Specialization in Antigen Binding Region1 2 , 2001, The Journal of Immunology.

[104]  R. Labouriau,et al.  Molecular Characterization of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I (B‐F) mRNA Variants from Chickens Differing in Resistance to Marek's Disease , 2005, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

[105]  J. Telfer,et al.  Bovine gamma delta T cells and the function of gamma delta T cell specific WC1 co-receptors. , 2015, Cellular immunology.

[106]  J. Kaufman,et al.  Two CD1 genes map to the chicken MHC, indicating that CD1 genes are ancient and likely to have been present in the primordial MHC. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[107]  L. Bacon,et al.  Influence of turkey herpesvirus vaccination on the B-haplotype effect on Marek's disease resistance in 15.B-congenic chickens. , 1992, Avian diseases.

[108]  J. Plachy,et al.  Location of the gene responsible for Rous sarcoma regression in the B-F region of the B complex (MHC) of the chicken. , 1981, Folia biologica.

[109]  S. Beck,et al.  Chicken TAP genes differ from their human orthologues in locus organisation, size, sequence features and polymorphism , 2005, Immunogenetics.

[110]  G. Kopen,et al.  Major histocompatibility (B) complex control of the formation of v-src-induced metastases. , 1994, Virology.

[111]  C. Auffray,et al.  The chicken B locus is a minimal essential major histocompatibility complex , 1999, Nature.

[112]  Y. Hong,et al.  Immune-related gene expression in two B-complex disparate genetically inbred Fayoumi chicken lines following Eimeria maxima infection. , 2008, Poultry science.

[113]  E. van Santen,et al.  The Avian Major Histocompatibility Complex Influences Bacterial Skeletal Disease in Broiler Breeder Chickens , 2005, Veterinary pathology.

[114]  K. K. Clark,et al.  TheB locus (MHC) in the chicken: Association with the fate of RSV-induced tumors , 1977, Immunogenetics.

[115]  T. Dalgaard,et al.  Assessment of Newcastle Disease–Specific T Cell Proliferation in Different Inbred MHC Chicken Lines , 2011, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

[116]  G. T. Pharr,et al.  Non-association between Rfp-Y major histocompatibility complex-like genes and susceptibility to Marek's disease virus-induced tumours in 6(3) x 7(2) F2 intercross chickens. , 1997, Animal genetics.

[117]  C. Røntved,et al.  Immune response to a killed infectious bursal disease virus vaccine in inbred chicken lines with different major histocompatibility complex haplotypes. , 2006, Poultry science.

[118]  Lewis G. Spurgin,et al.  MHC heterozygosity and survival in red junglefowl , 2010, Molecular ecology.

[119]  P. Thoraval,et al.  Genetic analysis of a divergent selection for resistance to Rous sarcomas in chickens†. This article is dedicated to the memory of Pierrick Thoraval (1960–2000). , 2004, Genetics Selection Evolution.

[120]  L. Bacon,et al.  Serotype specificity of B-haplotype influence on the relative efficacy of Marek's disease vaccines. , 1994, Avian diseases.

[121]  S. Beck,et al.  Different Evolutionary Histories of the Two Classical Class I Genes BF1 and BF2 Illustrate Drift and Selection within the Stable MHC Haplotypes of Chickens1 , 2007, The Journal of Immunology.

[122]  Howard C. Berg,et al.  Genetic analysis , 1957, Nature Biotechnology.

[123]  Fengtang Yang,et al.  Sequence of a Complete Chicken BG Haplotype Shows Dynamic Expansion and Contraction of Two Gene Lineages with Particular Expression Patterns , 2014, PLoS genetics.

[124]  P. Thoraval,et al.  Genetic analysis of the growth curve of Rous sarcoma virus-induced tumors in chickens. , 2004, Poultry science.

[125]  R. Taffs,et al.  Resistance to a malignant lymphoma in chickens is mapped to subregion of major histocompatibility (B) complex. , 1983, Science.

[126]  D. Fremont,et al.  Genetically linked C-type lectin-related ligands for the NKRP1 family of natural killer cell receptors , 2003, Nature Immunology.

[127]  J. Kaufman,et al.  Structures of an MHC class I molecule from B21 chickens illustrate promiscuous peptide binding. , 2007, Immunity.

[128]  G. Gao,et al.  Narrow Groove and Restricted Anchors of MHC Class I Molecule BF2*0401 Plus Peptide Transporter Restriction Can Explain Disease Susceptibility of B4 Chickens , 2012, The Journal of Immunology.

[129]  K. Skjødt,et al.  Differences in Chicken Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class Iα Gene Expression between Marek's Disease‐Resistant and ‐Susceptible MHC Haplotypes , 2003, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

[130]  E. Collisson,et al.  Association of the chicken MHC B haplotypes with resistance to avian coronavirus , 2012, Developmental & Comparative Immunology.

[131]  M. Delany,et al.  Mapping genes to chicken microchromosome 16 and discovery of olfactory and scavenger receptor genes near the major histocompatibility complex. , 2014, The Journal of heredity.

[132]  H. Hunt,et al.  A review of the development of chicken lines to resolve genes determining resistance to diseases. , 2000, Poultry science.

[133]  Marcia M. Miller,et al.  Mass spectral data for 64 eluted peptides and structural modeling define peptide binding preferences for class I alleles in two chicken MHC-B haplotypes associated with opposite responses to Marek's disease , 2008, Immunogenetics.

[134]  Marcia M. Miller,et al.  Role of nonclassical class I genes of the chicken major histocompatibility complex Rfp-Y locus in transplantation immunity , 2003, Immunogenetics.

[135]  M. Pinard-van der Laan,et al.  Comparison of outbred lines of chickens for resistance to experimental infection with coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella). , 1998, Poultry science.

[136]  Marcia M. Miller,et al.  Expression, purification and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the chicken MHC class I molecule YF1*7.1. , 2009, Acta crystallographica. Section F, Structural biology and crystallization communications.

[137]  S. Beck,et al.  Characterization of the Chicken C-Type Lectin-Like Receptors B-NK and B-lec Suggests That the NK Complex and the MHC Share a Common Ancestral Region1 , 2005, The Journal of Immunology.

[138]  T. Geng,et al.  Screening for genes involved in antibody response to sheep red blood cells in the chicken, Gallus gallus. , 2015, Poultry science.

[139]  S. Ewald,et al.  Effect of the Major Histocompatibility Complex on the Inhibition of Induced Cellulitis Development in a Broiler Chicken Model , 2009, Avian diseases.

[140]  E. Thacker,et al.  In vitro analysis of a primary, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response to avian leukosis virus (ALV), using target cells expressing MHC class I cDNA inserted into a recombinant ALV vector , 1995, Journal of virology.

[141]  C. Spike,et al.  RFLP mapping of expressed sequence tags in the chicken. , 1996, The Journal of heredity.

[142]  J. Kaufman,et al.  The peptide motif of the single dominantly expressed class I molecule of the chicken MHC can explain the response to a molecular defined vaccine of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) , 2013, Immunogenetics.

[143]  G. Acquaah.  Mapping of Genes , 2012 .

[144]  C. Auffray,et al.  Are chicken Rfp-Y class I genes classical or non-classical? , 2000 .

[145]  C. Auffray,et al.  A molecular map of the chicken major histocompatibility complex: the class II beta genes are closely linked to the class I genes and the nucleolar organizer. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[146]  Marcia M. Miller,et al.  BG1 has a major role in MHC-linked resistance to malignant lymphoma in the chicken , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[147]  M. Delany,et al.  Architecture and organization of chicken microchromosome 16: order of the NOR, MHC-Y, and MHC-B subregions. , 2009, The Journal of heredity.

[148]  H. Hunt,et al.  An MHC class I immune evasion gene of Marek׳s disease virus. , 2015, Virology.

[149]  N. Bumstead,et al.  Genetic differences in susceptibility to a mixture of avian infectious bronchitis virus and Escherichia coli. , 1989, British poultry science.

[150]  B. Bed’hom,et al.  Characterisation of a cluster of TRIM-B30.2 genes in the chicken MHC B locus , 2005, Immunogenetics.

[151]  M. Afanassieff,et al.  Molecular characterization of major and minor MHC class I and II genes in B21-like haplotypes in chickens. , 2000, Animal genetics.

[152]  R. Labouriau,et al.  MHC haplotype and susceptibility to experimental infections (Salmonella Enteritidis, Pasteurella multocida or Ascaridia galli) in a commercial and an indigenous chicken breed. , 2010, Veterinary immunology and immunopathology.

[153]  B. Sheldon,et al.  Association of the major histocompatibility complex with avian leukosis virus infection in chickens. , 1992, British poultry science.

[154]  C. Herzig,et al.  Evolution of the CD163 family and its relationship to the bovine gamma delta T cell co-receptor WC1 , 2010, BMC Evolutionary Biology.

[155]  C. Auffray,et al.  New chicken Rfp-Y haplotypes on the basis of MHC class II RFLP and MLC analyses , 1997, Immunogenetics.

[156]  A. Vignal,et al.  A genome scan for quantitative trait loci affecting the Salmonella carrier-state in the chicken , 2005, Genetics Selection Evolution.

[157]  C. Auffray,et al.  Structure and expression of a chicken MHC class I gene , 2005, Immunogenetics.

[158]  R. Labouriau,et al.  Gastrointestinal helminths in indigenous and exotic chickens in Vietnam: association of the intensity of infection with the Major Histocompatibility Complex , 2006, Parasitology.

[159]  A. Roepstorff,et al.  Comparative genetic resistance to Ascaridia galli infections of 4 different commercial layer-lines , 2003, British poultry science.

[160]  P. Thoraval,et al.  Genetic analysis of a divergent selection for resistance to Rous sarcomas in chickens. , 2004 .

[161]  C. Auffray,et al.  Two Mhc class I and two Mhc class II genes map to the chicken Rfp-Y system outside the B complex. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[162]  W. B. Gross,et al.  Antibody responses to combinations of antigens in white Leghorn chickens of different background genomes and major histocompatibility complex genotypes. , 1992, Poultry science.

[163]  C. Stoltzfus,et al.  Regression of v-src DNA-induced sarcomas is under host genetic control. , 1991, Virology.