Emerging Wearable Bioelectronics: Creating a New Era of Personalized Medicine

Here, we will present a class of wearable bioanalytical technologies that can be scaled across the general population to provide noninvasive proxy measures of a spectrum of circulating biomarkers, including metabolites, electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, and pharmaceuticals. Within this context, we will discuss the fundamental and intermeshed engineering bottlenecks and scientific questions that need to be addressed at sensor, device, system, and data analytics levels to facilitate the translation of such technologies into personal health monitoring applications. Toward this vision, we will present an illustrative set of sensor development methodologies, biofluid actuation capabilities, device fabrication, and system integration strategies that we have developed to realize wearable bioanalytical platforms with autonomous functionalities. We will conclude by discussing how through convergent and multidisciplinary efforts (including engineering, medicine, and data science), we can harness such technologies to catalyze the transition from pointof-lab and point-of-care testing to near-continuous point-ofperson monitoring, thus creating a new era of personalized medicine.