Fate and risk of atrazine and sulfentrazone to nontarget species at an agriculture site

The present study evaluated the risk associated with the application and co‐occurrence of 2 herbicides, atrazine and sulfentrazone, applied to a 32‐ha corn and soybean rotational field. Field concentrations of the compounds were measured in soil, runoff water, and groundwater, with peak mean atrazine and sulfentrazone concentrations found in the soil (144 ng/g dry wt, and 318 ng/g dry wt, respectively). Individual and mixture laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine the effects of atrazine and sulfentrazone on the survival of Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas, the germination of Lactuca sativa, and the growth of Pseudokirchneriella subcapita and Lemna minor. Pseudokirchneriella subcapita and L. minor were the most susceptible species tested, and the effects on growth of the herbicides in mixtures best fit an independent action model. Risk quotients and margin of safety of 10% (MOS10) values were used to estimate risk and were calculated using runoff water concentrations. The MOS10 values were more sensitive than risk quotients in estimating risk. The MOS10 value for sulfentrazone runoff water concentration effects on P. subcapita was 7.8, and for L. minor was 1.1, with MOS10 values < 1 indicating potential risk. Overall, the environmentally relevant concentrations fell below the effect concentrations; therefore, atrazine and sulfentrazone posed little to no risk to the nontarget species tested. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1301–1310. © 2016 SETAC

[1]  Werner Kloas,et al.  Effects of Atrazine in Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles: An Analysis Based on Quantitative Weight of Evidence , 2014, Critical reviews in toxicology.

[2]  John P Giesy,et al.  Ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters , 2013, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[3]  D. Shaner.  Field Dissipation of Sulfentrazone and Pendimethalin in Colorado , 2012, Weed Technology.

[4]  Thomas Backhaus,et al.  Predictive environmental risk assessment of chemical mixtures: a conceptual framework. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[5]  Franck E. Dayan,et al.  Plant cell membrane as a marker for light-dependent and light-independent herbicide mechanisms of action. , 2011 .

[6]  J. Hollender,et al.  Mixture toxicity of three photosystem II inhibitors (atrazine, isoproturon, and diuron) toward photosynthesis of freshwater phytoplankton studied in outdoor mesocosms. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[7]  J. Belden,et al.  Joint toxicity of chlorpyrifos and esfenvalerate to fathead minnows and midge larvae , 2006, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[8]  T. C. Mueller,et al.  Sulfentrazone Dissipation in a Tennessee Soil1 , 2000, Weed Technology.

[9]  G. A. Ohmes,et al.  Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Sulfentrazone in Soil , 1999 .

[10]  M. Lydy,et al.  Synergistic toxicity of atrazine and organophosphate insecticides contravenes the response addition mixture model , 1997 .

[11]  J. Lazorchak,et al.  A reformulated, reconstituted water for testing the freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca , 1997 .

[12]  W. G. Johnson,et al.  Application Timing Affects Weed Control with Metolachlor Plus Atrazine in No-Till Corn (Zea mays) , 1997, Weed Technology.

[13]  A. Carlson,et al.  Comparative Sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum and Lemna minor to Sixteen Herbicides , 1997, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[14]  N. Welschmeyer.  Fluorometric analysis of chlorophyll a in the presence of chlorophyll b and pheopigments , 1994 .

[15]  R. Kanwar,et al.  Persistence and degradation of [14C]atrazine and [14C]deisopropylatrazine as affected by soil depth and moisture conditions , 1993 .

[16]  R. Lipnick.  Baseline toxicity QSAR models A means to assess mechanism of toxicity for aquatic organisms and mammals , 1993 .

[17]  Wun-cheng Wang.  Root elongation method for toxicity testing of organic and inorganic pollutants , 1987 .

[18]  W. Kemp,et al.  Degradation of atrazine in estuarine water/sediment systems and soils. , 1982 .

[19]  M. W. Parker,et al.  A Reversible Photoreaction Controlling Seed Germination. , 1952, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[20]  In Vitro.  OECD GUIDELINES FOR THE TESTING OF CHEMICALS In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance Test Method , 2013 .

[21]  Monish Kaul.  OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES , 2008 .

[22]  T. Maloney,et al.  New reporting procedures based on long-term method detection levels and some considerations for interpretations of water-quality data provided by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory , 1999 .

[23]  P. Caux,et al.  Comparative study of the effects of MCPA, butylate, atrazine, and cyanazine on Selenastrum capricornutum. , 1996, Environmental pollution.

[24]  M. Faust,et al.  Additive effects of herbicide combinations on aquatic non-target organisms , 1993 .

[25]  C. Weber.  Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms , 1991 .