Localized electric field of plasmonic nanoplatform enhanced photodynamic tumor therapy.

Near-infrared plasmonic nanoparticles demonstrate great potential in disease theranostic applications. Herein a nanoplatform, composed of mesoporous silica-coated gold nanorods (AuNRs), is tailor-designed to optimize the photodynamic therapy (PDT) for tumor based on the plasmonic effect. The surface plasmon resonance of AuNRs was fine-tuned to overlap with the exciton absorption of indocyanine green (ICG), a near-infrared photodynamic dye with poor photostability and low quantum yield. Such overlap greatly increases the singlet oxygen yield of incorporated ICG by maximizing the local field enhancement, and protecting the ICG molecules against photodegradation by virtue of the high absorption cross section of the AuNRs. The silica shell strongly increased ICG payload with the additional benefit of enhancing ICG photostability by facilitating the formation of ICG aggregates. As-fabricated AuNR@SiO2-ICG nanoplatform enables trimodal imaging, near-infrared fluorescence from ICG, and two-photon luminescence/photoacoustic tomography from the AuNRs. The integrated strategy significantly improved photodynamic destruction of breast tumor cells and inhibited the growth of orthotopic breast tumors in mice, with mild laser irradiation, through a synergistic effect of PDT and photothermal therapy. Our study highlights the effect of local field enhancement in PDT and demonstrates the importance of systematic design of nanoplatform to greatly enhancing the antitumor efficacy.

[1]  Dan Wang,et al.  Multifunctional gold nanorods with ultrahigh stability and tunability for in vivo fluorescence imaging, SERS detection, and photodynamic therapy. , 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

[2]  Marcus Textor,et al.  Comparative Stability Studies of Poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) and Poly(ethylene glycol) Brush Coatings , 2012, Biointerphases.

[3]  M Landthaler,et al.  Photostability and thermal stability of indocyanine green. , 1998, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[4]  Zhe Wang,et al.  Single Continuous Wave Laser Induced Photodynamic/Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy Using Photosensitizer‐Functionalized Gold Nanostars , 2013, Advanced materials.

[5]  Yunlong Zhou,et al.  Chirality of glutathione surface coating affects the cytotoxicity of quantum dots. , 2011, Angewandte Chemie.

[6]  Erik C. Dreaden,et al.  The Golden Age: Gold Nanoparticles for Biomedicine , 2012 .

[7]  C. D. Geddes,et al.  Plasmonic engineering of singlet oxygen generation , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[8]  Vishal Saxena,et al.  Degradation kinetics of indocyanine green in aqueous solution. , 2003, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[9]  Xinguo Jiang,et al.  Targeting mesoporous silica-encapsulated gold nanorods for chemo-photothermal therapy with near-infrared radiation. , 2013, Biomaterials.

[10]  T. Desmettre,et al.  Fluorescence properties and metabolic features of indocyanine green (ICG) as related to angiography. , 2000, Survey of ophthalmology.

[11]  Vincent M. Rotello,et al.  Tuning Payload Delivery in Tumour Cylindroids using Gold Nanoparticles , 2010, Nature nanotechnology.

[12]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  Photoacoustic Tomography: In Vivo Imaging from Organelles to Organs , 2012, Science.

[13]  D. Xing,et al.  Enhanced tumor treatment using biofunctional indocyanine green-containing nanostructure by intratumoral or intravenous injection. , 2012, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[14]  Zhenpeng Qin,et al.  Thermophysical and biological responses of gold nanoparticle laser heating. , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[15]  Ruixia Chen,et al.  Near-IR-triggered photothermal/photodynamic dual-modality therapy system via chitosan hybrid nanospheres. , 2013, Biomaterials.

[16]  Yifan Ma,et al.  Single-step assembly of DOX/ICG loaded lipid--polymer nanoparticles for highly effective chemo-photothermal combination therapy. , 2013, ACS nano.

[17]  Jing Wang,et al.  Mesoporous Silica‐Coated Gold Nanorods as a Light‐Mediated Multifunctional Theranostic Platform for Cancer Treatment , 2012, Advanced materials.

[18]  G. Lin,et al.  Surface plasmon enhanced drug efficacy using core-shell Au@SiO2 nanoparticle carrier. , 2013, Nanoscale.

[19]  G. Kwant,et al.  Light-absorbing properties, stability, and spectral stabilization of indocyanine green. , 1976, Journal of applied physiology.

[20]  Yifan Ma,et al.  Indocyanine green-loaded biodegradable tumor targeting nanoprobes for in vitro and in vivo imaging. , 2012, Biomaterials.

[21]  Jesse V Jokerst,et al.  Photoacoustic imaging of mesenchymal stem cells in living mice via silica-coated gold nanorods. , 2012, ACS nano.

[22]  R. Jain,et al.  Photodynamic therapy for cancer , 2003, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[23]  Michael R Hamblin,et al.  Photodynamic therapy and anti-tumour immunity , 2006, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[24]  Liming Wang,et al.  Novel Insights into Combating Cancer Chemotherapy Resistance Using a Plasmonic Nanocarrier: Enhancing Drug Sensitiveness and Accumulation Simultaneously with Localized Mild Photothermal Stimulus of Femtosecond Pulsed Laser , 2014 .

[25]  H. Park,et al.  Implications of increased tumor blood flow and oxygenation caused by mild temperature hyperthermia in tumor treatment , 2005, International journal of hyperthermia : the official journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group.

[26]  Ivan Gorelikov,et al.  Single-step coating of mesoporous silica on cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide-capped nanoparticles. , 2008, Nano letters.

[27]  Chen-Sheng Yeh,et al.  Gold nanomaterials conjugated with indocyanine green for dual-modality photodynamic and photothermal therapy. , 2012, Biomaterials.

[28]  Tayyaba Hasan,et al.  Development and applications of photo-triggered theranostic agents. , 2010, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[29]  R. W. Christy,et al.  Optical Constants of the Noble Metals , 1972 .

[30]  S. Hotchandani,et al.  Dye-Capped Semiconductor Nanoclusters. Excited State and Photosensitization Aspects of Rhodamine 6G H-Aggregates Bound to SiO2 and SnO2 Colloids , 1996 .

[31]  Manuel Alatorre-Meda,et al.  Fluorescent drug-loaded, polymeric-based, branched gold nanoshells for localized multimodal therapy and imaging of tumoral cells. , 2014, ACS nano.

[32]  Vasilis Ntziachristos,et al.  Volumetric real-time multispectral optoacoustic tomography of biomarkers , 2011, Nature Protocols.

[33]  A. Gonzalez-Elipe,et al.  Rhodamine 6G and 800 J-heteroaggregates with enhanced acceptor luminescence (HEAL) adsorbed in transparent SiO2 GLAD thin films. , 2011, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[34]  Mostafa A. El-Sayed,et al.  Why Gold Nanoparticles Are More Precious than Pretty Gold: Noble Metal Surface Plasmon Resonance and Its Enhancement of the Radiative and Nonradiative Properties of Nanocrystals of Different Shapes , 2006 .

[35]  Erlong Zhang,et al.  A review of NIR dyes in cancer targeting and imaging. , 2011, Biomaterials.

[36]  Chen-Sheng Yeh,et al.  Gold nanorods in photodynamic therapy, as hyperthermia agents, and in near-infrared optical imaging. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[37]  Jian Wang,et al.  Assembly of aptamer switch probes and photosensitizer on gold nanorods for targeted photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy. , 2012, ACS nano.

[38]  Dong Ha Kim,et al.  Surface plasmon resonance mediated photoluminescence properties of nanostructured multicomponent fluorophore systems. , 2014, Nanoscale.

[39]  Yongxia Zhang,et al.  Metal-enhanced Singlet Oxygen Generation: A Consequence of Plasmon Enhanced Triplet Yields , 2007, Journal of Fluorescence.

[40]  Jing Wang,et al.  Gold Nanorods Based Platforms for Light-Mediated Theranostics , 2013, Theranostics.

[41]  Chin-Tu Chen,et al.  Near‐Infrared Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Optical Imaging: Characterization and In Vivo Biodistribution , 2009 .

[42]  Rui L. Reis,et al.  Wettability Influences Cell Behavior on Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Different Topographies , 2012, Biointerphases.

[43]  Michael A Daniele,et al.  Magnetic nanoclusters exhibiting protein-activated near-infrared fluorescence. , 2013, ACS nano.

[44]  Paresh Chandra Ray,et al.  Multifunctional plasmonic shell-magnetic core nanoparticles for targeted diagnostics, isolation, and photothermal destruction of tumor cells. , 2012, ACS nano.

[45]  C. Geddes,et al.  Metal-enhanced fluorescence based excitation volumetric effect of plasmon-enhanced singlet oxygen and super oxide generation. , 2013, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[46]  Christoph Abels,et al.  Absorption and Fluorescence Spectroscopic Investigation of Indocyanine Green , 1996 .

[47]  James H. Adair,et al.  Targeted indocyanine-green-loaded calcium phosphosilicate nanoparticles for in vivo photodynamic therapy of leukemia. , 2011, ACS nano.

[48]  Henry Du,et al.  Gold nanoparticle-enhanced and size-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species from protoporphyrin IX. , 2012, ACS nano.

[49]  X. Yang,et al.  Deciphering an Underlying Mechanism of Differential Cellular Effects of Nanoparticles: An Example of Bach-1 Dependent Induction of HO-1 Expression by Gold Nanorod , 2012, Biointerphases.

[50]  Linlin Li,et al.  Targeting Gold Nanoshells on Silica Nanorattles: a Drug Cocktail to Fight Breast Tumors via a Single Irradiation with Near‐Infrared Laser Light , 2012, Advanced materials.

[51]  Yu-Ying He,et al.  Enhanced photodynamic efficacy towards melanoma cells by encapsulation of Pc4 in silica nanoparticles. , 2009, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[52]  D. Xing,et al.  Indocyanine green-containing nanostructure as near infrared dual-functional targeting probes for optical imaging and photothermal therapy. , 2011, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[53]  Jyothi U. Menon,et al.  Nanomaterials for Photo-Based Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications , 2013, Theranostics.

[54]  Xiaopeng Zheng,et al.  WS2 nanosheet as a new photosensitizer carrier for combined photodynamic and photothermal therapy of cancer cells. , 2014, Nanoscale.