The FORA Fog Computing Platform for Industrial IoT

Industry 4.0 will only become a reality through the convergence of Operational and Information Technologies (OT & IT), which use different computation and communication technologies. Cloud Computing cannot be used for OT involving industrial applications, since it cannot guar-antee stringent non-functional requirements, e.g., dependability, trustworthiness and timeliness. Instead, a new computing paradigm, called Fog Computing, is envisioned as an architectural means to realize the IT/OT convergence. In this paper we propose a Fog Computing Platform (FCP) reference architecture targeting Industrial IoT applications. The FCP is based on: deter-ministic virtualization that reduces the effort required for safety and security assurance; middle-ware for supporting both critical control and dynamic Fog applications; deterministic networking and interoperability, using open standards such as IEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) and OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA); mechanisms for resource management and or-chestration; and services for security, fault tolerance and distributed machine learning. We pro-pose a methodology for the definition and the evaluation of the reference architecture. We use the Architecture Analysis Design Language (AADL) to model the FCP reference architecture, and a set of industrial use cases to evaluate its suitability for the Industrial IoT area.

[1]  Schahram Dustdar,et al.  Latency-Aware Distributed Resource Provisioning for Deploying IoT Applications at the Edge of the Network , 2019, Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems.

[2]  Sandeep K. Sood,et al.  Fog Assisted-IoT Enabled Patient Health Monitoring in Smart Homes , 2018, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[3]  Rolf Stadler,et al.  Resource Management in Clouds: Survey and Research Challenges , 2015, Journal of Network and Systems Management.

[4]  Steve Vestal,et al.  The SAE Avionics Architecture Description Language (AADL) Standard: A Basis for Model-Based Architecture-Driven Embedded Systems Engineering , 2003 .

[5]  Tie Qiu,et al.  Survey on fog computing: architecture, key technologies, applications and open issues , 2017, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[6]  Jun Huang,et al.  Vehicular Fog Computing: Enabling Real-Time Traffic Management for Smart Cities , 2019, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[7]  Vasileios Karagiannis,et al.  Addressing the Node Discovery Problem in Fog Computing , 2020, Fog-IoT.

[8]  Martin Schoeberl,et al.  Towards a Time-predictable Dual-Issue Microprocessor: The Patmos Approach , 2011, PPES.

[9]  Dirk Timmermann,et al.  Survey on real-time communication via ethernet in industrial automation environments , 2014, Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Emerging Technology and Factory Automation (ETFA).

[10]  Wolfgang Kastner,et al.  Towards Consolidating Industrial Use Cases on a Common Fog Computing Platform , 2020, 2020 25th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA).

[11]  Paul Pop,et al.  Fault-tolerant topology and routing synthesis for IEEE time-sensitive networking , 2017, RTNS.

[12]  Claus Pahl,et al.  Containerization and the PaaS Cloud , 2015, IEEE Cloud Computing.

[13]  Wolfgang Mahnke,et al.  OPC Unified Architecture , 2009, Autom..

[14]  Stefan Parkvall,et al.  5G wireless access: requirements and realization , 2014, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[15]  Zude Zhou,et al.  Fog Computing-Based Cyber-Physical Machine Tool System , 2018, IEEE Access.

[16]  Frank Budinsky,et al.  Eclipse Modeling Framework , 2003 .

[17]  Anton Cervin,et al.  Performance Optimization of Control Applications on Fog Computing Platforms Using Scheduling and Isolation , 2020, IEEE Access.

[18]  Mirko Viroli,et al.  Coordinating Computation at the Edge: a Decentralized, Self-Organizing, Spatial Approach , 2019, 2019 Fourth International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC).

[19]  Ludwig Leurs,et al.  Time Sensitive Networking , 2016, atp magazin.

[20]  M. Tobin,et al.  Electric Drives , 2019, Analysis and Control of Electric Drives.

[21]  Andreas Seitz,et al.  Seamless computing in industrial systems using container orchestration , 2020, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[22]  Thomas Magedanz,et al.  A service orchestration architecture for Fog-enabled infrastructures , 2017, 2017 Second International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC).

[23]  Biplab Sikdar,et al.  A Survey of MAC Layer Issues and Protocols for Machine-to-Machine Communications , 2015, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[24]  Cristina Alcaraz.  Secure Interconnection of IT-OT Networks in Industry 4.0 , 2019 .

[25]  Nuno Preguiça,et al.  Enabling Fog Computing using Self-Organizing Compute Nodes , 2019, 2019 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Fog and Edge Computing (ICFEC).

[26]  Hamid Reza Arkian,et al.  MIST: Fog-based data analytics scheme with cost-efficient resource provisioning for IoT crowdsensing applications , 2017, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[27]  Mario A. R. Dantas,et al.  A Real-Time Fog Computing Approach for Healthcare Environment , 2018, 3PGCIC.

[28]  Song Guo,et al.  Joint Optimization of Task Scheduling and Image Placement in Fog Computing Supported Software-Defined Embedded System , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Computers.

[29]  Akramul Azim,et al.  Improving the Schedulability of Real-Time Tasks Using Fog Computing , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Services Computing.

[30]  Carsten Bormann,et al.  The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) , 2014, RFC.

[31]  Victor C. M. Leung,et al.  Developing IoT applications in the Fog: A Distributed Dataflow approach , 2015, 2015 5th International Conference on the Internet of Things (IOT).

[32]  Silviu S. Craciunas,et al.  An Overview of Scheduling Mechanisms for Time-sensitive Networks , 2017 .

[33]  Song Guo,et al.  Traffic and Computation Co-Offloading With Reinforcement Learning in Fog Computing for Industrial Applications , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[34]  Stefan Poledna,et al.  Fog computing as enabler for the Industrial Internet of Things , 2016, Elektrotech. Informationstechnik.

[35]  Schahram Dustdar,et al.  Towards Extensibility-Aware Scheduling of Industrial Applications on Fog Nodes , 2020, 2020 IEEE International Conference on Edge Computing (EDGE).

[36]  Fei Tao,et al.  A Smart Manufacturing Service System Based on Edge Computing, Fog Computing, and Cloud Computing , 2019, IEEE Access.

[37]  Zoltán Ádám Mann,et al.  Classification of optimization problems in fog computing , 2020, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[38]  H. Vincent Poor,et al.  Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access: Common Myths and Critical Questions , 2018, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[39]  Sherali Zeadally,et al.  Deploying Fog Computing in Industrial Internet of Things and Industry 4.0 , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[40]  Dominic T. J. O'Sullivan,et al.  A fog computing industrial cyber-physical system for embedded low-latency machine learning Industry 4.0 applications , 2018 .

[41]  Qun Li,et al.  Security and Privacy Issues of Fog Computing: A Survey , 2015, WASA.

[42]  Jiang Zhu,et al.  Fog Computing: A Platform for Internet of Things and Analytics , 2014, Big Data and Internet of Things.

[43]  Paul Pop,et al.  Enabling Fog Computing for Industrial Automation Through Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) , 2018, IEEE Communications Standards Magazine.

[44]  Theodore J. Williams,et al.  The Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture , 1992, DIISM.

[45]  Sepehr Kazemian,et al.  Virtualized SDN-Based End-to-End Reference Architecture for Fog Networking , 2018, 2018 32nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA).

[46]  Eduard Schleicher,et al.  Fog Computing with P2P: Enhancing Fog Computing Bandwidth for IoT Scenarios , 2019, 2019 International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData).

[47]  Daniel Schall,et al.  Automatic Application Placement and Adaptation in Cloud-Edge Environments , 2019, 2019 24th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA).

[48]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  Cloud-Fog Interoperability in IoT-enabled Healthcare Solutions , 2018, ICDCN.

[49]  Yong Xiang,et al.  Cost Efficient Resource Management in Fog Computing Supported Medical Cyber-Physical System , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing.

[50]  Karl-Erik Årzén,et al.  Resource Management on Multicore Systems: The ACTORS Approach , 2011, IEEE Micro.

[51]  Gerhard Fohler,et al.  System Calls Instrumentation for Intrusion Detection in Embedded Mixed-Criticality Systems , 2019, CERTS.

[52]  Jan Larsen,et al.  Trends in Machine Learning for Signal Processing [In the Spotlight] , 2011, IEEE Signal Process. Mag..

[53]  Giorgio Buttazzo,et al.  Hard Real-Time Computing Systems: Predictable Scheduling Algorithms and Applications , 1997 .

[54]  Mohammadreza Barzegaran,et al.  Quality-Of-Control-Aware Scheduling of Communication in TSN-Based Fog Computing Platforms Using Constraint Programming , 2020, Fog-IoT.

[55]  Sateesh Addepalli,et al.  Fog computing and its role in the internet of things , 2012, MCC '12.

[56]  Lars Kai Hansen,et al.  Distributed Active Learning Strategies on Edge Computing , 2019, 2019 6th IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Cloud Computing (CSCloud)/ 2019 5th IEEE International Conference on Edge Computing and Scalable Cloud (EdgeCom).

[57]  Hermann Kopetz,et al.  In-Vehicle Real-Time Fog Computing , 2016, 2016 46th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks Workshop (DSN-W).

[58]  Anton Cervin,et al.  Using JitterTime to Analyze Transient Performance in Adaptive and Reconfigurable Control Systems , 2019, 2019 24th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA).

[59]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  Fog Computing: Principles, Architectures, and Applications , 2016, ArXiv.

[60]  Sangtae Ha,et al.  Clarifying Fog Computing and Networking: 10 Questions and Answers , 2017, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[61]  Ciprian Dobre,et al.  Big Data and Internet of Things: A Roadmap for Smart Environments , 2014, Big Data and Internet of Things.

[62]  Paul Pop,et al.  Fogification of electric drives: An industrial use case , 2020, 2020 25th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA).

[63]  Neil R. Storey,et al.  Safety-critical computer systems , 1996 .

[64]  Mianxiong Dong,et al.  Deep Learning for Smart Industry: Efficient Manufacture Inspection System With Fog Computing , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[65]  Ying Wang,et al.  An AADL-Based Modeling Method for ARINC653-Based Avionics Software , 2011, 2011 IEEE 35th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference.

[66]  Helen D. Karatza,et al.  Combining containers and virtual machines to enhance isolation and extend functionality on cloud computing , 2019, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[67]  Heinz Koeppl,et al.  Transitions: A Protocol-Independent View of the Future Internet , 2019, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[68]  Andreas Seitz,et al.  Seamless Computing for Industrial Systems Spanning Cloud and Edge , 2017, 2017 International Conference on High Performance Computing & Simulation (HPCS).

[69]  Xavier Masip-Bruin,et al.  Data Preservation through Fog-to-Cloud (F2C) Data Management in Smart Cities , 2018, 2018 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Fog and Edge Computing (ICFEC).

[70]  Jan Larsen,et al.  Trends in Machine Learning for Signal Processing , 2011 .

[71]  Tiago M. Fernández-Caramés,et al.  A Fog Computing and Cloudlet Based Augmented Reality System for the Industry 4.0 Shipyard , 2018, Sensors.

[72]  Stefan Schulte,et al.  A Framework for Optimization, Service Placement, and Runtime Operation in the Fog , 2018, 2018 IEEE/ACM 11th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing (UCC).

[73]  Enzo Mingozzi,et al.  Companion Fog Computing: Supporting Things Mobility Through Container Migration at the Edge , 2018, 2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP).

[74]  Oskar Casquero,et al.  OPC UA Aggregation Server in the Fog , 2019, 2019 24th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA).

[75]  Thomas Nolte,et al.  Virtualization technologies in embedded real-time systems , 2013, 2013 IEEE 18th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA).

[76]  Vasileios Karagiannis,et al.  Compute node communication in the fog: survey and research challenges , 2019, IoT-Fog@IoTDI.

[77]  Paul Pop,et al.  Runtime reconfiguration of time-sensitive networking (TSN) schedules for Fog Computing , 2017, 2017 IEEE Fog World Congress (FWC).

[78]  P. Fettke,et al.  Industry 4.0 , 2014, Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng..

[79]  Antonio Brogi,et al.  Cloud Container Technologies: A State-of-the-Art Review , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing.

[80]  P. Feiler,et al.  The Architecture Analysis & Design Language (AADL): An Introduction , 2006 .

[81]  Antti Ylä-Jääski,et al.  Folo: Latency and Quality Optimized Task Allocation in Vehicular Fog Computing , 2019, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[82]  Nitin Desai,et al.  Enhancing Fault Detection in Time Sensitive Networks using Machine Learning , 2020, 2020 International Conference on COMmunication Systems & NETworkS (COMSNETS).

[83]  Antonio Puliafito,et al.  Fog Computing for the Internet of Things , 2019, ACM Trans. Internet Techn..

[84]  Stefano Panzieri,et al.  Securing connection between IT and OT: the Fog Intrusion Detection System prospective , 2019, 2019 II Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 and IoT (MetroInd4.0&IoT).

[85]  Gerardo Pardo-Castellote,et al.  OMG Data-Distribution Service: architectural overview , 2003, 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops, 2003. Proceedings..

[86]  Adriano Valenzano,et al.  Review of Security Issues in Industrial Networks , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[87]  Blesson Varghese,et al.  Resource Management in Fog/Edge Computing , 2018, ACM Comput. Surv..

[88]  Jiafu Wan,et al.  Fog Computing for Energy-Aware Load Balancing and Scheduling in Smart Factory , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[89]  Vasileios Karagiannis,et al.  Comparison of Alternative Architectures in Fog Computing , 2020, 2020 IEEE 4th International Conference on Fog and Edge Computing (ICFEC).